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Logic -- In Three Books of Thought, of Investigation and of Knowledge

ISBN：9781330118788，出版年：2016，中图分类号：B81 被引 11次

240. True conclusions, as Aristotle has observed, can be correctly drawn from false premises. Every Laplander is a born poet, Homer was a Laplander, and therefore - by the first figure - a poet. All parasitic plants have red flowers, no rose has red flowers, therefore - by the second figure - roses are not parasitic plants. Metals do not conduct electricity, all metals are non-fusible, and hence - according to the third figure - non-fusible substances exist, which are non-conductors of electricity. Alter Laplander into Greek, plants which have red flowers into plants which have exploding seed-vessels, and write glass for metal, and in each example one premise will be true, while by inserting a new middle term in each case you may make both premises true, but in every case the conclusion follows with neither more nor less validity. Let T be a perfectly true proposition, S its subject, and P its predicate; then a middle term M may be chosen at random so long as the terms are arranged in both premises on the model of an Aristotelian figure: if this is done the conclusion T will always follow according to the figure.We shall see why this is universally true, if we take as our middle term an abstract symbol M, instead of a concrete term: thus, all M are poets, Homer was an M; all parasitic plants are M, roses are not M; all M are non-conductors, all M are non-fusible.

Philosophy of logic Computational logic Epistemic modal logic Term logic Cognitive science Epistemology Computer science

The Development of Modern Logic

现代逻辑之发展

Oxford University Press

ISBN：9780195137316，出版年：2009，中图分类号：B81 被引 60次

This edited volume presents a comprehensive history of modern logic from the Middle Ages through the end of the twentieth century. In addition to a history of symbolic logic, the contributors also examine developments in the philosophy of logic and philosophical logic in modern times. The book begins with chapters on late medieval developments and logic and philosophy of logic from Humanism to Kant. The following chapters focus on the emergence of symbolic logic with special emphasis on the relations between logic and mathematics, on the one hand, and on logic and philosophy, on the other. This discussion is completed by a chapter on the themes of judgment and inference from 1837-1936. The volume contains a section on the development of mathematical logic from 1900-1935, followed by a section on main trends in mathematical logic after the 1930s. The volume goes on to discuss modal logic from Kant till the late twentieth century, and logic and semantics in the twentieth century; the philosophy of alternative logics; the philosophical aspects of inductive logic; the relations between logic and linguistics in the twentieth century; the relationship between logic and artificial intelligence; and ends with a presentation of the main schools of Indian logic. The Development of Modern Logic includes many prominent philosophers from around the world who work in the philosophy and history of mathematics and logic, who not only survey developments in a given period or area but also seek to make new contributions to contemporary research in the field. It is the first volume to discuss the field with this breadth of coverage and depth, and will appeal to scholars and students of logic and its philosophy.

Philosophy of logic Term logic Law of thought Epistemic modal logic Indian logic Philosophical logic Modal logic Non-classical logic Epistemology Computer science Artificial intelligence