Records show that the Chinese invented gunpowder in the 800s. By the 1200s they had unleashed the first weapons of war upon their unsuspecting neighbours. This extraordinarily ambitious book traces the history of that invention and its impact on the surrounding Asian world - Korea, Japan, South East Asia and South Asia - from the ninth through the twentieth century. As the book makes clear, the spread of war and its technology had devastating consequences on the political and cultural fabric of those early societies although each reacted very differently. The book, which is packed with information about military strategy, interregional warfare and the development of armaments, also engages with the major debates and challenges traditional thinking on Europe's contribution to military technology in Asia. Articulate and comprehensive, this book will be a welcome addition to the undergraduate classroom and to all those interested in Asian studies and military history.
This book addresses an important but little-noticed phenomenon in the revolutionary world of military technology. Across a wide range of otherwise-unrelated weapons programs, the Pentagon is now pursuing arms that are deliberately crafted to be less powerful, less deadly, and less destructive than the systems they are designed to supplement or replace. This direction is historically anomalous; military forces generally pursue ever-bigger bangs, but the modern conditions of counter-insurgency warfare and military operations 'other than war' (such as peacekeeping and humanitarian assistance) demand a military capable of modulated force. By providing a capacity to intervene deftly yet effectively, the new generations of 'useable' weaponry should enable the U.S. military to accomplish its demanding missions in a manner consistent with legal obligations, public relations realities, and political constraints. Five case studies are provided, regarding precision-guided 'smart bombs', low-yield nuclear weapons, self-neutralizing anti-personnel land mines, directed-energy anti-satellite weapons, and non-lethal weapons.
Cross-cultural exchange has characterized the economic life of India since antiquity. Its long coastline has afforded convenient access to Asia and Africa as well as trading partnerships formed in the exchange of commodities ranging from textiles to military technology and from opium to indigo. In a journey across two thousand years, this enthralling book, written by a leading South Asian historian, describes the ties of trade, migration, and investment between India and the rest of the world and shows how changing patterns of globalization have reverberated in economic policy, politics, and political ideology within India. Along the way, the book asks three major questions: Is this a particularly Indian story? When did the big turning points happen? And is it possible to distinguish the modern from the pre-modern pattern of exchange? These questions invite a new approach to the study of Indian history by placing the region at the center of the narrative. This is global history written on India's terms, and, as such, the book invites Indian, South Asian, and global historians to rethink both their history and their methodologies.
Imperial Military Transportation in British Asia sheds light on attempts by royal engineers to introduce innovations devised in the UK to wartime India, Iraq, and Burma, as well as the resistance of local groups of colonial railwaymen to such metropolitan innovations. Arguing that the literature on military adaptation and imperial circulation of knowledge is oversimplified, Michael W. Charney shows how some kinds of military technology â as an example of imperial knowledge â faced resistance due to 1930s-era colonial insularity. He also covers the efforts made by one engineer to revive the railways during the Japanese invasion of Burma in 1942 and why this effort was responsible for the development of a truly imperial technology that was suitable for extra-European contexts and finally won acceptance in India. Additionally, he looks at the role of the railways in the First Burma Campaign, the first attempt to introduce an extra-national approach to integrated transport that is at the heart of all modern urban planning today. Incorporating newly accessible primary source material from the files of the military Director of Transportation, this book highlights a major hole in the archival record and presents a new perspective on the 1942 Japanese invasion of Burma. Contents: List of Abbreviations Introduction 1. Metropolitan Transportation Technique from Britain to India and Iraq 2. Local, Colonial Railway Experience 3. A Colonial Railway in Wartime 4. Militarisation 5. Kings of the Road 6. The Technical Limits of Military Supply 7. Dark Territory and the Collapse of the Burma Defense 8. After the Campaign: India Learns from Burma Notes Bibliography Index
Acknowledgments vii Introduction 1 Chapter I: Defense Budgeting and Resource Allocation 8 Chapter II: Modeling Combat and Sizing Forces 63 Chapter III: Logistics and Overseas Bases 141 Chapter IV: Technical Issues in Defense Analysis 169 Conclusion 243 Appendix: Figures and Tables 249 Index 263
The authors explore why, and how, militaries change, focusing on the influences of cultural norms, politics and civil-military relations, and new technology.
Truppenführung, the twentieth-century equivalent of Sun Tzu's Art of War, served as the basic manual for the German army from 1934 to the end of World War II. This astonishing document provided the doctrinal framework for blitzkrieg and, as a consequence, for the victories of Hitler's armies. Rather than giving German military leaders a "cookbook" on how to win battles, Truppenführung offered instead a set of intellectual tools to be applied to complex and continually changing battle conditions. The keys to understanding the psychology, philosophy, and social values of the German army that fought World War II are to be found here. This first complete English-language translation is annotated to help the contemporary reader understand its military and social context.
International law requires that, before any new weapon is developed, purchased or modified, the legality of its use must be determined. This book offers the first comprehensive and systemic analysis of the law mandating such assessments – Article 36 of the 1977 Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions. Underpinned by empirical research, the book explores the challenges the weapons review authorities are facing when examining emerging military technology, such as autonomous weapons systems and (autonomous) cyber capabilities. It argues that Article 36 is sufficiently broad to cover a wide range of military systems and offers States the necessary flexibility to adopt a process that best suits their organisational demands. While sending a clear signal that law should not simply follow technological developments, but rather steer them, the provision has its limits, however, which are shaped and defined by the interpretative decisions made by States.
Gegenstand des Jahrbuches Aufklärung« ist die Erforschung des 18. Jahrhunderts und seiner Wirkungsgeschichte. Der Gedanke der erkenntnisfördernden Kraft der offenen, unparteiischen Diskussion war eine der wichtigsten Überzeugungen des Jahrhunderts. Es ist diese Grundhaltung der Aufklärung, die auch die Anlage des Jahrbuches bestimmt. Das Streben nach Interdisziplinarität war eine dominierende Tendenz und Ausdruck der Integrationskraft der Epoche. Der Umbruch des kulturellen und zivilisatorischen Selbstverständnisses sowie die Entfaltung der bürgerlichen Gesellschaft wurde von ihm mitbestimmt. Auch dieser Idee versucht die Aufklärung zu entsprechen. Fachübergreifend angelegt, wird die Aufklärung thematisch flexibel Ergebnisse und Perspektiven der verschiedenen Forschungsdisziplinen im Hinblick auf die jeweiligen sachlichen Schwerpunkte zusammenführen, die durch Kurzbiographien, Diskussionen sowie Forschungs- und Literaturberichte ergänzt werden.
Great Britain was neutral Switzerland's main supplier of heavy weaponry during the early Cold War. Marco Wyss analyses this armaments relationship against the background of Anglo-Swiss relations between 1945 and 1958, and thereby assesses the role of arms transfers, neutrality and Britain, as well as the two countries' political, economic and military relations. By using multi-archival research, the author discovers "traits of specialness" in the Anglo-Swiss relationship, analyses the incentives for Berne's weapons purchases and London's arms sales, sheds new light on the Cold War arms transfer system and the motivations of the participating states, and questions the sustainability of neutrality during the East-West conflict, as well as Britain's role from a western neutral and small power perspective.
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