PREFACE. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. SUMMARY. 1 INTRODUCTION. 1.1 Scope of Applications. 1.2 Laws and Regulations. 1.3 Theories on the Development of the AVM. 2 OBJECTIVES OF APPLICATIONS. 2.1 System Identification. 2.1.1 Eigenfrequencies and Mode Shapes. 2.1.2 Damping. 2.1.3 Deformations and Displacements. 2.1.4 Vibration Intensity. 2.1.5 Trend Cards. 2.2 Stress Test. 2.2.1 Determination of Static and Dynamic Stresses. 2.2.2 Determination of the Vibration Elements. 2.2.3 Stress of Individual Structural Members. 2.2.4 Determination of Forces in Tendons and Cables. 2.3 Assessment of Stresses. 2.3.1 Structural Safety. 2.3.2 Structural Member Safety. 2.3.3 Maintenance Requirements and Intervals. 2.3.4 Remaining Operational Lifetime. 2.4 Load Observation (Determination of External Influences). 2.4.1 Load Collective. 2.4.2 Stress Characteristic. 2.4.3 Verification of Load Models. 2.4.4 Determination of Environmental Influences. 2.4.5 Determination of Specific Measures. 2.4.6 Check on the Success of Rehabilitation Measures. 2.4.7 Dynamic Effects on Cables and Tendons. 2.4.8 Parametric Excitation. 2.5 Monitoring of the Condition of Structures. 2.5.1 Assessment of Individual Objects. 2.5.2 Periodic Monitoring. 2.5.3 BRIMOS- Recorder. 2.5.4 Permanent Monitoring. 2.5.5 Subsequent Measures. 2.6 Application of Ambient Vibration Testing to Structures for Railways. 2.6.1 Sleepers. 2.6.2 Noise and Vibration Problems. 2.7 Limitations. 2.7.1 Limits of Measuring Technology. 2.7.2 Limits of Application. 2.7.3 Limits of Analysis. 2.7.4 Perspectives. References. 3 FEEDBACK FROM MONITORING TO BRIDGE DESIGN. 3.1 Economic Background. 3.2 Lessons Learned. 3.2.1 Conservative Design. 3.2.2 External versus Internal Pre-stressing. 3.2.3 Influence of Temperature. 3.2.4 Displacement. 3.2.5 Large Bridges versus Small Bridges. 3.2.6 Vibration Intensities. 3.2.7 Damping Values of New Composite Bridges. 3.2.8 Value of Patterns. 3.2.9 Understanding of Behaviour. 3.2.10 Dynamic Factors. References. 4 PRACTICAL MEASURING METHODS. 4.1 Execution of Measuring. 4.1.1 Test Planning. 4.1.2 Levelling of the Sensors. 4.1.3 Measuring the Structure. 4.2 Dynamic Analysis. 4.2.1 Calculation Models. 4.2.2 State of the Art. 4.3 Measuring System. 4.3.1 BRIMOS(r). 4.3.2 Sensors. 4.3.3 Data-Logger. 4.3.4 Additional Measuring Devices and Methods. 4.4 Environmental Influence. 4.5 Calibration and Reliability. 4.6 Remaining Operational Lifetime. 4.6.1 Rainflow Algorithm. 4.6.2 Calculation of Stresses by FEM. 4.6.3 S-N Approach and Damage Accumulation. 4.6.4 Remaining Service Lifetime by Means of Existing Traffic Data and Additional Forward and Backward Extrapolation. 4.6.5 Conclusions and Future Work. References. 5 PRACTICAL EVALUATION METHODS. 5.1 Plausibility of Raw Data. 5.2 AVM Analysis. 5.2.1 Recording. 5.2.2 Data Reduction. 5.2.3 Data Selection. 5.2.4 Frequency Analysis, ANPSD (Averaged Normalized Power Spectral Density). 5.2.5 Mode Shapes. 5.2.6 Damping. 5.2.7 Deformations. 5.2.8 Vibration Coefficients. 5.2.9 Counting of Events. 5.3 Stochastic Subspace Identification Method. 5.3.1 The Stochastic Subspace Identification (SSI) Method. 5.3.2 Application to Bridge Z24. 5.4 Use of Modal Data in Structural Health Monitoring. 5.4.1 Finite Element Model Updating Method. 5.4.2 Application to Bridge Z24. 5.4.3 Conclusions. 5.5 External Tendons and Stay Cables. 5.5.1 General Information. 5.5.2 Theoretical Bases. 5.5.3 Practical Implementation. 5.5.4 State of the Art. 5.5.5 Rain-Wind Induced Vibrations of Stay Cables. 5.5.6 Assessment. 5.6 Damage Identification and Localization. 5.6.1 Motivation for SHM. 5.6.2 Current Practice. 5.6.3 Condition and Damage Indices. 5.6.4 Basic Philosophy of SHM. 5.7 Damage Prognosis. 5.7.1 Sensing Developments. 5.7.2 Data Interrogation Procedure for Damage Prognosis. 5.7.3 Predictive Modelling of Damage Evolution. 5.8 Animation and the Modal Assurance Criterion (MAC). 5.8.1 Representation of the Calculated Mode Shapes. 5.8.2 General Requirements. 5.8.3 Correlation of Measurement and Calculation (MAC). 5.8.4 Varying Number of Eigenvectors. 5.8.5 Complex Eigenvector Measurement. 5.8.6 Selection of Suitable Check Points using the MAC. 5.9 Ambient Vibration Derivatives (AVD(r)). 5.9.1 Aerodynamic Derivatives. 5.9.2 Applications of the AVM. 5.9.3 Practical Implementation. References. 6 THEORETICAL BASES. 6.1 General Survey on the Dynamic Calculation Method. 6.2 Short Description of Analytical Modal Analysis. 6.3 Equation of Motion of Linear Structures. 6.3.1 SDOF System. 6.3.2 MDOF System. 6.3.3 Influence of Damping. 6.4 Dynamic Calculation Method for the AVM. 6.5 Practical Evaluation of Measurements. 6.5.1 Eigenfrequencies. 6.5.2 Mode Shapes. 6.5.3 Damping. 6.6 Theory on Cable Force Determination. 6.6.1 Frequencies of Cables as a Function of the Inherent Tensile Force. 6.6.2 Influence of the Bending Stiffness. 6.6.3 Influence of the Support Conditions. 6.6.4 Comparison of the Defined Cases with Experimental Results. 6.6.5 Measurement Data Adjustment for Exact Cable Force Determination. 6.7 Transfer Functions Analysis. 6.7.1 Mathematical Backgrounds. 6.7.2 Transfer Functions in the Vibration Analysis. 6.7.3 Applications (Examples). 6.8 Stochastic Subspace Identification. 6.8.1 Stochastic State-Space Models. 6.8.2 Stochastic System Identification. References. 7 OUTLOOK. 7.1 Decision Support Systems. 7.2 Sensor Technology and Sensor Networks. 7.2.1 State-of-the-Art Sensor Technology. 7.3 Research Gaps and Opportunities. 7.4 International Collaboration. 7.4.1 Collaboration Framework. 7.4.2 Activities. 8 EXAMPLES FOR APPLICATION. 8.1 Aitertal Bridge, Post-tensional T-beam (1956). 8.2 Donaustadt Bridge, Cable-Stayed Bridge in Steel (1996). 8.3 F9 Viaduct Donnergraben, Continuous Box Girder (1979). 8.4 Europa Bridge, Continuous Steel Box Girder (1961). 8.5 Gasthofalm Bridge, Composite Bridge (1979). 8.6 Kao Ping Hsi Bridge, Cable-Stayed Bridge (2000). 8.7 Inn Bridge Roppen, Concrete Bridge (1936). 8.8 Slope Bridge Saag, Bridge Rehabilitation (1998). 8.9 Flyover St Marx, Permanent Monitoring. 8.10 Mur Bridge in St Michael, Bridge Rehabilitation. 8.11 Rosen Bridge in Tulln, Concrete Cable-Stayed Bridge (1995). 8.12 VOEST Bridge, Steel Cable-Stayed Bridge (1966). 8.13 Taichung Bridge, Cable-Stayed Bridge. APPENDIX. Nomenclature. INDEX.
Preface. 1 Seismology. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Seismic Waves. 1.3 Earthquake Measurement Parameters. 1.4 Measurement of an Earthquake. 1.5 Modification of Earthquakes Due to the Nature of the Soil. 1.6 Seismic Hazard Analysis. 2 Seismic Inputs for Structures. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Time History Records. 2.3 Frequency Contents of Ground Motion. 2.4 Power Spectral Density Function of Ground Motion. 2.5 Response Spectrum of Earthquake. 2.6 Generation of Synthetic Accelerograms. 2.7 Prediction of Seismic Input Parameters. 3 Response Analysis for Specified Ground Motions. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Equation of Motion for a Single Degree of Freedom (SDOF) System. 3.3 Equations of Motion for a Multi-Degrees of Freedom (MDOF) System. 3.4 Response Analysis for Single Degree of Freedom (SDOF) System. 3.5 Response Analysis for Multi-Degrees of Freedom (MDOF) Systems. 4 Frequency Domain Spectral Analysis. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Stationary Random Process. 4.3 Fourier Series and Fourier Integral. 4.4 Auto Correlation and Cross Correlation Functions. 4.5 Power Spectral Density Function (Sxx) and Cross Power Spectral Density Function (Sxy). 4.6 Power Spectral Density Function (PSDF) Matrix. 4.7 PSDFs and Cross PSDFs of the Derivatives of the Process. 4.8 Single Input Single Output System (SISO). 4.9 MDOF System with Single-Point and Multi-Point Excitations. 4.10 PSDF Matrix of Member End Forces. 4.11 Modal Spectral Analysis. 4.12 Spectral Analysis Using the State-Space Formulation. 4.13 Steps for Developing a Program for Spectral Analysis in MATLABfor Multi-Support Excitation. 5 Response Spectrum Method of Analysis. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Concept of Equivalent Lateral Force and Response Spectrum Method of Analysis. 5.3 Response Spectrum Analysis for Single-Point Excitation. 5.4 Response Spectrum Analysis for Multi-Support Excitations. 5.5 Cascaded Analysis of Secondary Systems using Response Spectrum Method. 5.6 Approximate Modal Response Spectrum Method of Analysis. 5.7 Seismic Coefficient Method. 5.8 Comparison of Some Code Provisions Prescribed by Different Earthquake Codes. 6 Inelastic Seismic Response of Structures. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Non-Linear Analysis of Structures for Earthquake Forces. 6.3 Inelastic Earthquake Analysis of Multi-Storey Building Frames. 6.4 Pushover Analysis. 6.5 Concepts of Ductility and Inelastic Response Spectrum. 6.6 Ductility in a Multi-Storey Structure. 7 Seismic Soil Structure Interaction. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Wave Propagation through Soil. 7.3 One-Dimensional Wave Propagation and Ground Response Analysis. 7.4 2D or 3D Response Analysis in the Time Domain. 7.5 Dynamic Soil Structure Interaction. 7.5.1 Bounded Problem and Idealization of Realistic Problems. 7.6 Soil Pile Structure Interaction. 7.7 Seismic Analysis of Buried Structures. 8 Seismic Reliability Analysis of Structures. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Uncertainties. 8.3 Formulation of the Reliability Problem. 8.4 Methods of Finding Probabilities of Failure. 8.5 Seismic Reliability Analysis. 9 Seismic Control of Structures. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Base Isolation. 9.3 Base Isolators and their Characteristics. 9.4 Analysis of Base Isolated Buildings. 9.5 Design of Base Isolated Buildings. 9.6 Tuned Mass Damper. 9.7 Viscoelastic Dampers. 9.8 Active Structural Control. 9.9 Active Control Algorithms. 9.10 Semi-Active Control. Exercise Problems. References. Index.
Noise and Vibration Analysis is a complete and practical guide that combines both signal processing and modal analysis theory with their practical application in noise and vibration analysis. It pr ...
Notation Introduction Part I. Mechanics and Models: 1. Dynamics of simple elastic systems 2. Dynamics of discretized systems 3. Modeling elastic structures 4. Modeling applied loads 5. Computational methods Part II. Dynamic Analyses: 6. Modal analysis of large systems 7. Vibration of rods and beams 8. Vibration of plates and shells 9. Wave propagation 10. Stability of motion Project level problem set References Index.
Up and Running with Autodesk Inventor Simulation 2011 provides a clear path to perfecting the skills of designers and engineers using simulation inside Autodesk Inventor. This book includes modal analysis, stress singularities, and H-P convergence, in addition to the new frame analysis functionality. The book is divided into three sections: dynamic solution, stress analysis, and frame analysis, with a total of nineteen chapters. The first chapter of each section offers an overview of the topic covered in that section. There is also an overview of the Inventor Simulation interface and its strengths, weaknesses, and workarounds. Furthermore, the book emphasizes the joint creation process and discusses in detail the unique and powerful parametric optimization function. This book will be a useful learning tool for designers and engineers, and a source for applying simulation for faster production of better products. * Get up to speed fast with real-life, step-by-step design problems-3 new to this edition!* Discover how to convert CAD models to working digital prototypes, enabling you to enhance designs and simulate real-world performance without creating physical prototypes* Learn all about the frame analysis environment-new to Autodesk Inventor Simulation 2011-and other key features of this powerful software, including modal analysis, assembly stress analysis, parametric optimization analysis, effective joint creation, and more* Manipulate and experiment with design solutions from the book using datasets provided on the book's companion website (http://www.elsevierdirect.com/v2/companion.jsp?ISBN=9780123821027) and move seamlessly onto tackling your own design challenges with confidence* New edition features enhanced coverage of key areas, including stress singularities, h-p convergence, curved elements, mechanism redundancies, FEA and simulation theory, with hand calculations, and more
Modern Methods of Steroid Analysis reviews modern methods of steroid analysis such as liquid column chromatography, mass spectrometry, and gas chromatography. Topics covered include qualitative and quantitative analysis of plant sterols by gas-liquid chromatography; Raman spectroscopy of steroids; nuclear magnetic resonance; and applications of lanthanide shift reagents. A computerized method for rapid comparison and retrieval of infrared spectral data is also described. This volume is comprised of 22 chapters and begins with an analysis of hormonal steroids using liquid column chromatography, followed by a discussion on the separation of insect molting hormones using high-pressure liquid chromatography. The reader is methodically introduced to the application of gradient elution and thin-layer chromatography to the analysis of corticosteroids and 17-ketosteroids, as well as some aspects of mass spectrometry in steroid analysis. Subsequent chapters explore other methods such as optical rotatory dispersion and circular dichroism, along with radioisotope techniques. In particular, the radioimmunoassay of plasma steroid hormones and plasma aldosterone is considered. This book should be of interest to biochemists.
Containing 4 plenary papers and 38 technical papers, this volume contributes to the literature on the important subject of man-machine systems. The many topics discussed include human performance skills, knowledge engineering and expert systems, training procedures, human performance and mental load models, and human-machine interfaces.
Analysis of Foods and Beverages: Modern Techniques covers the principles and practical applications of selected analytical methodologies in the field of food and beverages. It also gives an informed forecast of developments in this field. The book focuses on developed fields of scanning electron microscopy, X-ray microanalysis, differential laser light scattering, near-infrared reflectance and Fourier transformations, and continuous-flow and flow-injection analyses. It also includes mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance, and bioassay. This text also describes traditional techniques, such as the various forms of chromatography. Furthermore, the book presents an introduction of molecular analysis of synthetic flavors and the automation of food analysis by use of computers, robotics, and other on-line methods. Students, teachers, researchers, and all food analysts will find this book valuable, as it can provide information on the various modern analytical techniques in the food industry.
The Process of Stratification: Trends and Analyses discusses the conceptual scheme developed by Blau and Duncan. The book elaborates Blau and Duncan's description and analysis of socioencomic inequality, stratification, and inequality of opportunity in American society during the early 1960s. The authors review the assumptions and methods; they point to a different direction from the widely held assumption that occupational socioeconomic status is the primary determinant to mobility. They also use the Alphabetical Index as the basis for better collection method on data relating to occupation, industry and class of worker. As regards occupational mobility, the authors note that such mobility is limited by the depletion of occupational groups that higher-status occupations have sourced from. They also point that American society is homogenous in the sense of the determinants of socioeconomic achievements can exert influence. The authors then discuss an exercise in theory construction of intergenerational transmission of income. They conclude that income mobility is similar to occupational or educational mobility; to be more precise, they note that empirical evidence should be gathered. This book can prove useful for economists, sociologists, policy makers, as well as academicians involved in societal studies.
Population: Analysis and Models presents a discussion of demographic analysis and models. This book has been translated from French to provide access to an integrated textbook aimed at the French equivalent of undergraduates. The book is organized into two parts. Part I is devoted to analysis and is subdivided into two sections. The first section deals with elementary analysis or the steps that must precede an analysis of any complexity. It comprises three chapters: after an introduction, it presents the analysis of the results of one census followed by a summary of the analysis of population change during a year. The second section focuses on the analysis of demographic phenomena 攏uptiality, fertility, mortality, mobility (migration) and on the population change that is their result. Part II deals with models, namely models of population dynamics, models of family formation following marriage, and nuptiality models. This book has been written for students with very diverse backgrounds, some of whom may have scarcely more than an elementary knowledge of algebra.
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