Preface. Chapter 1: Introduction. Chapter 2: The Survey and Its Imperfections. 2.1 The survey objective. 2.2 Sources of error in a survey. Chapter 3: General Principles to Assist Estimation. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 The importance of auxiliary information. 3.3 Desirable features of an auxiliary vector. Chapter 4: The Use of Auxiliary Information under Ideal Conditions. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 The Horvitz-Thompson estimator. 4.3 The generalized regression estimator. 4.4 Variance and variance estimation. 4.5 Examples of the generalized regression estimator. Chapter 5: Introduction to Estimation in the Presence of Nonresponse. 5.1 General background. 5.2 Errors caused by sampling and nonresponse. Appendix: Variance and mean squared error under nonresponse. Chapter 6: Weighting of Data in the Presence of Nonresponse. 6.1 Traditional approaches to weighting. 6.2 Auxiliary vectors and auxiliary information. 6.3 The calibration approach: some terminology. 6.4 Point estimation under the calibration approach. 6.5 Calibration estimators for domains. 6.6 Comments on the calibration approach. 6.7 Alternative sets of calibrated weights. 6.8 Properties of the calibrated weights. Chapter 7: Examples of Calibration Estimators. 7.1 Examples of familiar estimators for data with nonresponse. 7.2 The simplest auxiliary vector. 7.3 One-way classification. 7.4 A single quantitative auxiliary variable. 7.5 One-way classification combined with a quantitative variable. 7.6 Two-way classification. 7.7 A Monte Carlo simulation study. Chapter 8 The Combined Use of Sample Information and Population Information. 8.1 Options for the combined use of information. 8.2 An example of calibration with information at both levels. 8.3 A Monte Carlo simulation study of alternative calibration procedures. 8.4 Two-step procedures in practice. Chapter 9 Analysing the Bias due to Nonresponse. 9.1 Simple estimators and their nonresponse bias. 9.2 Finding an efficient grouping. 9.3 Further illustrations of the nonresponse bias. 9.4 A general expression for the bias of the calibration estimator. 9.5 Conditions for near-unbiasedness. 9.6 A review of concepts, terms and ideas. Appendix: Proof of Proposition 9.1. Chapter 10: Selecting the Most Relevant Auxiliary Information. 10.1 Discussion. 10.2 Guidelines for the construction of an auxiliary vector. 10.3 The prospects for near-zero bias with traditional estimators. 10.4 Further avenues towards a zero bias. 10.5 A further tool for reducing the bias. 10.6 The search for a powerful auxiliary vector. 10.7 Empirical illustrations of the indicators. 10.8 Literature review. Chapter 11: Variance and Variance Estimation. 11.1 Variance estimation for the calibration estimator. 11.2 An estimator for ideal conditions. 11.3 A useful relationship. 11.4 Variance estimation for the two-step A and two-step B procedures. 11.5 A simulation study of the variance estimation technique. 11.6 Computational aspects of point and variance estimation. Appendix: Properties of two-phase GREG estimator. Chapter 12: Imputation. 12.1 What is imputation? 12.2 Terminology. 12.3 Multiple study variables. 12.4 The full imputation approach. 12.5 The combined approach. 12.6 The full weighting approach. 12.7 Imputation by statistical rules. 12.8 Imputation by expert judgement or historical data. Chapter 13: Variance Estimation in the Presence of Imputation. 13.1 Issues in variance estimation under the full imputation approach. 13.2 An identity of combined and fully weighted approaches. 13.3 More on the risk of underestimating the variance. 13.4 A broader view of variance estimation for the combined approach. 13.5 Other issues arising with regard to item nonresponse. 13.6 Further comments on imputation. Appendix: Proof of Proposition 13.1. Chapter 14: Estimation Under Nonresponse and Frame Imperfections. 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Estimation of the persister total. 14.3 Direct estimation of the target population total. 14.4 A case study. References. Index.
Preface. Acknowledgments. 1 NUTRITIONAL GENOMICS: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 What is Nutritional Genomics? 1.3 Methodology and Approach of this Book. 1.4 Opportunities and Challenges for Nutrigenomics. 1.4.1 Improved health. 1.4.2 Personalized dietary advice. 1.4.3 Improved diet. 1.4.4 More development of health-enhancing food products. 1.4.5 Consumer empowerment. 1.4.6 Reducing health disparities. 1.4.7 Health care savings. 1.5 Challenges and a Road Map of This Book. References. 2 THE SCIENCE OF NUTRIGENOMICS AND NUTRIGENETICS. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 The Scientific Context. 2.2.1 Nutrigenomics. 2.2.2 Nutrigenetics. 2.3 The Case of MTHFR. 2.4 Room for Improvement. 2.4.1 Study design. 2.4.2 Epigenetics. 2.4.3 SNPs and haplotypes. 2.4.4 Dietary intake assessment. 2.4.5 Biomarkers. 2.4.6 Susceptibility and predictions. 2.4.7 Analytical and clinical validity. 2.4.8 Clinical utility. 2.5 Science and Technology Assessment. 2.6 Conclusion. References. 3 THE ETHICS OF NUTRIGENOMIC TESTS AND INFORMATION. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Ethical Principles. 3.3 Nutrigenomics Testing in the Clinical Setting. 3.3.1 Informed consent. 3.3.2 Confidentiality. 3.3.3 Secondary information. 3.3.4 Families. 3.3.5 Genetic testing of children and adolescents. 3.4 Use of Nutrigenomics Information for Research. 3.5 Use of Nutrigenomics Information by Private Third Parties. 3.5.1 Insurance. 3.5.2 Employment. 3.5.3 Legal and social responses to fears of discrimination. 3.6 Conclusion. References. 4 ALTERNATIVES FOR NUTRIGENOMIC SERVICE DELIVERY. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Considerations for Nutrigenomic Service Delivery. 4.2.1 Strength of the science. 4.2.2 Regulatory environment. 4.2.3 Human resource capacity and professional competence. 4.2.4 Funding policy. 4.2.5 Professional politics and culture. 4.2.6 Consumers and patients. 4.3 Four Alternative Models. 4.3.1 Consumer model. 4.3.2 Health practitioner model. 4.3.3 Blended models. 4.3.4 Public health model. 4.4 Conclusion. References. 5 NUTRIGENOMICS AND THE REGULATION OF HEALTH CLAIMS FOR FOODS AND DRUGS. 5.1 Introduction. 5.1.1 Genetic tests, service delivery, and genetic antidiscrimination. 5.2 Food Categories: Functional Foods, Nutraceuticals, Medicinal Foods, and Dietary Supplements. 5.2.1 Functional foods. 5.2.2 Nutraceuticals. 5.2.3 Medical or medicinal foods. 5.2.4 Dietary supplements. 5.3 Health-Related Claims Associated with Foods Compared to Drugs. 5.3.1 Structure-function claims. 5.3.2 Health claims. 5.3.3 Medical food claims. 5.3.4 Disease risk reduction claims. 5.4 Nutrigenomic Information and the Regulation of Foods Compared to Drugs. 5.4.1 The regulation of foods. 5.4.2 The regulation of drugs. 5.5 Food and Drug Regulations in Japan, the United States, and Canada. 5.5.1 Japan. 5.5.2 United States. 5.5.3 Canada. 5.6 Conclusion. References. 6 NUTRIGENOMICS: JUSTICE, EQUITY, AND ACCESS. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Industrialized Country Context. 6.2.1 Individualized nutrigenomic testing. 6.2.2 Population-based nutrigenomics. 6.3 Developing Country Context. 6.3.1 Individualized nutrigenomic testing. 6.4 Nutrigenomics and Intellectual Property. 6.4.1 An issue of access to scientific information. 6.5 Conclusion. References. 7 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 7.1 Introduction. 7.1.1 Nutrigenomic science. 7.1.2 Nutrigenomics and health information management. 7.1.3 Nutrigenomic service delivery. 7.1.4 Regulation of nutrigenomics. 7.1.5 Access and equity. 7.2 A Final Word. Index.
About the Author. Foreword. Acknowledgements. List of Figures. List of Tables. 1. Introduction. Background to the Study. Initial Experiences Development. Current Experiences. Clinical Supervision in Nursing. Opportunity for Research. 2. Literature Review. Introduction. Literature Review Strategy. Clinical Supervision: Growing Popularity in Nursing. Political Influence. Formats and Frameworks. Clinical Supervision Idealised. Benefit and Outcome Studies. Reducing the Stress Experienced by Nurses. Knowledge Development and Skills Acquisition. Confirmation of the Nurse's Role. Summary of Benefit and Outcome Studies. Characteristics of the Clinical Supervisor. Characteristics of a Good Supervisor: A Nursing Perspective. Counselling, Psychology and Psychotherapy. Interpersonal Interactions During Supervision. Discussion. Conclusion. 3. Methodological Considerations. Introduction. General Aim of the Study. Research Questions. Objectives of the Study. Choice of Research Approach. Illuminative Evaluation. Previous Illuminative-evaluation Research. Illuminative evaluation in Nursing Research. Summary of Methodological Considerations. Discussion of Data-collection Techniques. Interview. Audio-recording of Clinical Supervision. Clinical Supervision Session Record. Other Documents Relating to Clinical Supervision. Critical Incident Journal. Summary of Data-collection Techniques. Data Analysis. Content Analysis. Thematic Analysis. Analysis of Verbal Transactions. The Learning Milieu. Conclusion. 4. Analytic Framework. Introduction. Peplau's Theory of Interpersonal Relations. Six Category Intervention Analysis. Nurses' Interpersonal Skills. Heron's Framework and Clinical Supervision. Heron's Framework as an Analytic Tool. Conclusion. 5. Study Design and Methods. Introduction. Location. Population and Sampling Issues. Case Sites, Participants and their Role in the Team. Case Site One. Staff complement for Case Site One. Participants and their team role. Case Site Two. Staff complement for Case Site Two. Participants and their team role. Case Site Three. Staff complement for Case Site Three. Participants and their team role. Case Site Four. Instructional System. Trust Discussion Paper. Module Descriptor. Recurring Themes in the Nursing Literature. Clinical supervision as a supportive resource. Managerial agendas encroaching on clinical supervision. The broad scope of clinical supervision. Data-collection Methods. Interview. Audio-recording of Supervision Sessions. Audio-recording equipment. Clinical Supervision Session Records. Critical Incident Journal. Summary of Data-collection Methods. Triangulation. Trustworthiness. Data Analysis. Ethical Considerations. Ethical Approval and Access to Participants. Conclusion. 6. Pilot Study. Introduction. Location, Participants and Access. Case Site Description. Staff Complement for Pilot Study Site. Participants and their Team Role. Data-collection Methods. Interview. Clinical Supervision Session Record. Critical Incident Journal. Audio-recording of Clinical Supervision. Data Analysis. Analysis of an Audio-recording of a Supervision Session. Stimuli for the focus of supervision. Structure. Content. Supervisor interventions. Exploring the supervisee's work. Taking the lead. Suggesting an option. Giving information. Catalytic interventions. Prescriptive interventions. Informative interventions. Supportive interventions. Degenerate interventions. The supervisee's contribution. Obstacles to supervision. Potential changes resulting from clinical supervision. Conclusion. 7. Report of Findings and Discussion. Introduction. Objectives of the Study. Objective 1. Managerial agendas. Clinical supervision as a therapeutic endeavour. Client-related issues: absence of relating to the client. The broad scope of clinical supervision. Objective. The routine: hierarchy. The frequency and duration of sessions. The supervisor's agenda. The supervisee's contribution. Overcoming the unhelpful aspects of clinical supervision. Objective 3. The stimuli for what is discussed during clinical supervision. Preparation for clinical supervision. Previous experiences of receiving clinical supervision. Supervision module. Objective 4. Absence of a conceptual model. Seeking information. Information-giving. Agreeing with the supervisee. Suggesting an option. Giving feedback. Catalytic interventions. Empathic divining. Informative interventions. Supportive interventions. Prescriptive interventions. Confronting interventions. Cathartic interventions. Delivery of two interventions simultaneously. Catalytic degenerate interventions. Cathartic degenerate interventions. Prescriptive degenerate interventions. Comparisons with previous research using Heron's framework. Objective 5. Objective 6. Case Site One. Case Site Two. Case Site Three. Conclusion. 8. Conclusion. Introduction. Major Insights Gained from the Study. The Content of Clinical Supervision. Interpersonal Interactions and their Influence on Content. Organisational Factors and their Influence on the Supervisory Process. The stimuli for what is discussed during clinical supervision. Preparation for clinical supervision. The routine. Changes Reported from the Experience of Individual Clinical Supervision. Illuminative Evaluation. Study Design. Thematic Analysis. Analytic Framework. Implications of these Insights. Practice. Nurse education. Nursing research. Limitations of the Study. Researcher. Participants. Study Design and Methods. Study site. Critical incident journal. Audio-recording supervision sessions. Six Category Intervention Analysis. Trustworthiness. Contribution to Knowledge. Clinical Supervision. Nurse Education. Nursing Research. Six Category Intervention Analysis. Conclusion. Recommendations. Appendices. References. Index.
Fundamentals of Ecological Modelling: Applications in Environmental Management and Research, Fourth Edition, provides a comprehensive discussion of the fundamental principles of ecological modeling. The first two editions of this book (published in 1986 and 1994) focused on the roots of the discipline the four main model types that dominated the field 30-40 years ago: (1) dynamic biogeochemical models; (2) population dynamic models; (3) ecotoxicological models; and (4) steady-state biogeochemical and energy models. The third edition focused on the mathematical formulations of ecological processes that are included in ecological models. This fourth edition uses the four model types previously listed as the foundation and expands the latest model developments in spatial models, structural dynamic models, and individual-based models. As these seven types of models are very different and require different considerations in the model development phase, a separate chapter is devoted to the development of each of the model types. Throughout the text, the examples given from the literature emphasize the application of models for environmental management and research. * Presents the most commonly used model types with a step-by-step outline of the modeling procedure used for each* Shows readers through an illustrated example of how to use each model in research and management settings* New edition is revised to include only essential theory with a focus on applications* Includes case studies, illustrations, and exercises (case study of an ecological problem with full illustration on how to solve the problem)
This book attempts to provide a broad framework for thinking about and conducting quantitative empirical studies of social change processes. The goals of this book are 1) to clarify and develop models and methods for causal analysis of dynamic social processes 2) to formulate continuous-time models of change in both quantitative and qualitative outcomes and to develop suitable methods for estimating these models from the kinds of data commonly available to sociologists 3) to develop a stochastic framework for analyzing both qualitative and quantitative outcomes and 4) to alter the way that sociologists think about the empirical study of social change processes. Part I provides general background for what follows; it includes both a discussion of the substantive importance of dynamic analyses in sociology and a review of models and methods previously used by sociologists interested in the empirical study of social dynamics. Part II contains 8 chapters on models and methods for anallyzing change in qualitative outcomes; it concentrates mainly on methods based on analysis of event-history data. Part III contains 6 chapters on comprable models and methods for analyzing change in quantitative outcomes; it focuses primarily on methods based on analysis of panel data.
Land and water are two of the most important and interacting natural resources that are critical for human survival and development. Growing population and global economic expansion are accelerating the demand for land and water for uses such as agriculture, urbanization, irrigation, hydropower, and industrialization. The land surface changes dynamically due to these demands and other socio-economic drivers. Biophysical factors such as topographic suitability, climate change, and rainfall variability further influence land use changes and land-use change decisions. Water resources are likewise experiencing pressure from overuse, pollution, and changes in hydrologic processes as a result of both socio-economic and biophysical factors.
Telecommunication has never been perfectly secure. The Cold War culture of recording devices in telephone receivers and bugged embassy offices has been succeeded by a post-9/11 world of NSA wiretaps and demands for data retention. Although the 1990s battle for individual and commercial freedom to use cryptography was won, growth in the use of cryptography has been slow. Meanwhile, regulations requiring that the computer and communication industries build spying into their systems for government convenience have increased rapidly. The application of the 1994 Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act has expanded beyond the intent of Congress to apply to voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) and other modern data services; attempts are being made to require ISPs to retain their data for years in case the government wants it; and data mining techniques developed for commercial marketing applications are being applied to widespread surveillance of the population. In Privacy on the Line, Whitfield Diffie and Susan Landau strip away the hype surrounding the policy debate over privacy to examine the national security, law enforcement, commercial, and civil liberties issues. They discuss the social function of privacy, how it underlies a democratic society, and what happens when it is lost. This updated and expanded edition revises their original -- and prescient -- discussions of both policy and technology in light of recent controversies over NSA spying and other government threats to communications privacy.
Preface. (S.E. Shumway) 1. Evolutionary Relationships Among Commercial Scallops (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Pectinidae) (T.R. Waller). 2. The Biology of Scallop Larvae (S.M. Cragg and D.J. Crisp). 3. Functional Anatomy of Scallops (P.G. Beninger and M. Le Pennec). 4. The Structure and Function of Scallop Adductor Muscles (P.D. Chantler). 5. Physiology: Energy Acquisition and Utilization (V.M. Bricelj and S.E. Shumway). 6. Physiological Integrations and Energy Partitioning (R.J. Thompson and B.A. MacDonald). 7. Reproductive Physiology (B.J. Barber and N.J. Blake). 8. Neurobiology and Behavior of the Scallop (L.A. Wilkens). 9. Diseases and Parasites of Scallops (R.G. Getchell). 10. Scallops and Pollution (E. Gould and B.A. Fowler). 11. Scallop Ecology: Distributions and Behaviour (A.R. Brand). 12. Genetics of Scallops (A.R. Beaumont and E. Zouros). 13. Population Dynamics and Management of Natural Stocks (J.M. Orensanz, A.M. Parma and O.O. Iribarne). 14. Fisheries and Aquaculture. Three European Scallops: Pecten Maximus, Chlamys (Aequipecten) Opercularis and C. (Chlamys) Varia (A.D. Ansell, J.-C. Dao and J. Mason). Spain (G. Roman). Scandinavia (G.J. Parsons, M.J. Dadswell and E.M. Rodstrom). Italy (A. Renzoni). Yugoslavia (D. Margus). Greece (J.J. Lykakis and M. Kalathakis). China (Yousheng Lou). Philippines (A.G.C. del Norte). Australia (D. Gwyther, D.A. Cropp, L.M. Joll and M.C.L. Dredge). New Zealand (M.F. Bull). Sea Scallop, Placopecten Magellanicus (K.S. Naidu). The Calico Scallop, Argopecten Gibbus, Fishery of Cape Canaveral, Florida (N.J. Blake,and M.A. Moyer). Fisheries and Aquaculture of the Bay Scallop, Argopecten Irradians, in the Eastern United States (E.W. Rhodes). West Coast of North America (N. Bourne). Mexico (E.F. Felix-Pico). Argentina (J.M. Orensantz, M. Pascual and M. Fernandez). Chile (R.N. Piquimil, L.S. Figueroa and O.C. Contreras). Japan (H. Ito). Soviet Union (V.Z. Kalashnikov). Index.
About the Author. Preface. Acknowledgements. Introduction. About This Book. PART I: INDIVIDUAL FUNCTIONING AND SOCIAL EXCLUSION. Chapter 1 Exclusion from Society. Chapter 2 Individual Functioning. Chapter 3 Life-Cycle Perspectives on Social Exclusion. PART II: HEALTH AND ILLNESS IN SOCIAL GROUPS. Chapter 4 Physical Health. Chapter 5 Stress and Socially Excluded Groups. Chapter 6 Mental Illness. Chapter 7 The Neurobiological Basis of Maladaptive Behaviours. Chapter 8 Alcohol and Drug Problems. Chapter 9 Nutrition in Vulnerable Groups. PART III: ADDRESSING SOCIAL EXCULSION: THE WAY OUT? Chapter 10 Needs Assessment of Social Excluded Populations. Chapter 11 Interventions: Changing Behaviour. Chapter 12 Interventions: Supporting Vulnerable People. Chapter 13 Health and Social Care in the Community. Chapter 14 Social Exclusion: Is There a Way Out? Conclusion. Appendix A International Statistics of The Salvation Army (SA) (with Permission from the Salvation Army Year Book, 2006). Appendix B Summary of Assessments for Socially Excluded Population. Index.
Preface. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Definitions. 1.2 When are bioequivalence studies performed. 1.3 Design and conduct of bioequivalence studies. 1.4 Aims and structure of the book. References. 2 Metrics to characterize concentration-time profiles in single- and multiple-dose bioequivalence studies. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Pharmacokinetic characteristics (metrics) for single-dose studies. 2.3 Pharmacokinetic rate and extent characteristics (metrics) for multiple-dose studies. 2.4 Conclusions. References. 3 Basic statistical considerations. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Additive and multiplicative model. 3.3 Hypotheses testing. 3.4 The RT/TR crossover design assuming an additive model. References. 4 Assessment of average bioequivalence in the RT/TR design. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 The RT/TR crossover design assuming a multiplicative model. 4.3 Test procedures for bioequivalence assessment. 4.4 Conclusions. References. 5 Power and sample size determination for testing average bioequivalence in the RT/TR design. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Challenging the classical approach. 5.3 Exact power and sample size calculation. 5.4 Modified acceptance ranges. 5.5 Approximate formulas for sample size calculation. 5.6 Exact power and sample size calculation by nQuery(r). References. Appendix. 6 Presentation of bioequivalence studies. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Results from a single-dose study. 6.3 Results from a multiple-dose study. 6.4 Conclusions. References. 7 Designs with more than two formulations. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Williams designs. 7.3 Example: Dose linearity study. 7.4 Multiplicity. 7.5 Conclusions. References. 8 Analysis of pharmacokinetic interactions. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction studies. 8.3 Pharmacokinetic food-drug interactions. 8.4 Goal posts for drug interaction studies including no effect boundaries. 8.5 Labeling. 8.6 Conclusions. References. 9 Population and individual bioequivalence. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Brief history. 9.3 Study designs and statistical models. 9.4 Population bioequivalence. 9.5 Individual bioequivalence. 9.6 Disaggregate criteria. 9.7 Other approaches. 9.8 Average bioequivalence in replicate designs. 9.9 Example: The anti-hypertensive patch dataset. 9.10 Conclusions. References. 10 Equivalence assessment in case of clinical endpoints. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Design and testing procedure. 10.3 Power and sample size calculation. 10.4 Conclusions. Apendix. References. Index.
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