Within the last decade there has been an increasing awareness that use of standards deeply notched fracture mechanics test specimens can result in substantial over-or-under-assessments of the real fracture toughness associated with shallow surface cracks.
Over thirty years ago, when I first took up the study of the cultivation and manufacture of tea, that industry was then in the very position of cacao today. We have reduced the area of cultivation but increased the outturn; we have improved the quality but reduced the cost. These are great triumphs of scientific precision as also of inventive ingenuity brought to bear on tea, but the same thing can be and will be accomplished with cacao. It seems to me possible that far too much merit is attributed to fermentation. That fermentation is necessary with the presently accepted method of curing goes without saying, but I would not be surprised were a new process introduced where fermentation could be entirely discontinued. The parallel with tea is worthy of the most careful study. But it is perhaps useless to speculate; the Opinions your authors advance are certain to be tested at. The plantations, and out of the new experience thus gained must evolve the future system of manufacture.
Written by a tribological expert with more than thirty years of experience in the field, Mechanical Wear Fundamentals and Testing, Second Edition compiles an extensive range of graphs, tables, micrographs, and drawings to illustrate wear, friction, and lubrication behavior in modern engineering applications. The author promotes a clear understandin
The fifth edition of DELMAR’S AUTOMOTIVE SERVICE EXCELLENCE (ASE) TEST PREPARATION MANUAL for the Medium/Heavy Duty Truck T8 Preventive Maintenance exam now contains even more content so you can pass your ASE exam the first time. This manual will ensure that you understand the Preventive Maintenance task list and are fully prepared and confident to take your exam.
Until now, anyone conducting industrial combustion tests had to either rely on old methods, go scurrying through the literature to find proven applicable methodologies, or hire top-shelf consultants such as those that work for cutting-edge companies like John Zink. Manufacturers can no longer take industrial combustion for granted. Air and noise po
Smoking cigarettes starts during adolescence. Some adolescents may stop smoking cigarettes having taken it as an experiment during adolescence, but others may continue smoking into adulthood. Most adults who smoke started smoking during the adolescence stage and may have been already addicted to nicotine before the age of eighteen, resulting in long-term health consequences. This book compiles and documents smoking epidemiology and correlates of smoking in adolescents in various regions of the world. It aims to provide critical information that relates to the magnitude of the problem and who is affected in order for strategies to be identified and implemented. The issue is a concern of public health, since smoking affects people not only at the time the smoking habit begins, but because it has an influence on them for the rest of an individual’s life.
Tobacco smoking is a major public health issue worldwide. Smoking causes more than a quarter of all cancer deaths, with nearly 80% of deaths from lung cancer, 80% of deaths from bronchitis and emphysema and almost one fifth of deaths from cardiovascular disease. The role of tobacco smoke in the development of cancer, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases is widely discussed in the chapters of this book. It is responsible for many preventable diseases, contributes to a large number of premature deaths and accounts for enormous economic costs. The chapters in this book review a variety of topics related to the sociodemographic characteristics of people consuming tobacco, tobacco product promotion and merchandising consequences of smoking on health, the studied mechanism of damage and the different interventions promoted for tobacco control. The mechanisms by which cigarette smoke affects health are diverse. Thousands of chemical components — mainly toxins and carcinogens — are part of tobacco smoke. These components could act through specific or nonspecific mechanisms in the development of cancer, cardiovascular and respiratory disease. Common pathways include DNA damage, gene mutations, vasomotor dysfunction and oxidative stress, among others. The effects on health of first-hand and second-hand smoke exposure have been widely studied, and there is growing evidence regarding consequences of third-hand smoke exposure. The constituents, dynamic transformation and distribution of third-hand smoke are a fruitful area of study, as much as the quantification of its exposure. In this book, many useful indicators of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, ranging from surrogate indicators to direct measurements of the components that reflect dose are analyzed. Advances in this field can provide useful information on the extent and effects of smoking, implementing and assessing tobacco control policies. Furthermore, the World Health Organization developed a framework for an international treaty that provides evidence-based recommendations for health promotion and tobacco control. After more than ten years of its implementation, the effectiveness of different strategies adopted worldwide is analyzed and reflections on the new challenges of its implementation are presented. In this book, smoking is reviewed pertaining to the effects and implications for health, as well as the current challenges on implementation and evaluation of tobacco control interventions.
The HER2 receptor is a 195-kDa transmembrane glycoprotein with tyrosine kinase activity, and belongs in the human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) family consisting of four members. Moreover, aberrant HER2 protein overexpression has been linked to various human gynecological adenocarcinomas, including breast, endometrium, ovary and cervix, and has been found to be a poor prognostic factor for survival. This new book presents topical research in the study of HER2, including targeting HER2 with photodynamic therapy; HER2 shedding as a biomarker in breast cancer; development of trastuzumab resistance and targeted nanomedicines conjugated with HER2 antibodies in cancer therapy.
Mechanical vibrations are the continuing motion, repetitive and often periodic, of a solid or liquid body within certain spatial limits. Vibration occurs frequently in a variety of natural phenomena such as the tidal motion of the oceans, in rotating and stationary machinery, in structures as varied in nature as buildings and ships, in vehicles, and in combinations of these various elements in larger systems. This new book examines the study of vibratory phenomena during mechanical grape harvesting, the utility of mechanical vibration methods for studying physical properties of solid materials, the vibration analysis of piecewise and continuously axially graded rods and beams and whole body vibration training, among others.
This book provides an overview of the relations of the EU and NATO through the case of Afghanistan. It examines the role of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in conjunction with Provincial Reconstruction Teams (PRTs) and the European Union Police Mission (EUPOL) to evaluate the relations between the EU and NATO. The involvement of the ISAF and EUPOL missions from their establishment to evolution and the limitations of both missions in accordance with the management of the U.S. in the “War on Terror” are examined. The implications of U.S. policies for the missions of both parties are explored, from the first term of George W. Bush to the Obama administration. The book argues that while there has been cooperation between the EU and NATO without it being structural, thus being ad hoc cooperation, the U.S. has been benefiting from this cooperation from the second term of the Bush administration to the Obama administration, thereby rehabilitating the tense relations between the EU and the U.S. In the final analysis, it may be said that this cooperation did not result in a success story in the case of Afghanistan.
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