Preface. 1. Introduction. 1.1 Asymmetric Passive Components. 1.2 Circuit Parameters. 1.3 Asymmetric Four-Port Hybrids. 1.4 Asymmetric Three-Port Power Dividers. 1.5 Asymmetric Two-Port Components. References. 2. Circuit Parameters. 2.1 Scattering Matrix. 2.2 Scattering Parameters of Reduced Multiports. 2.3 Two-Port Network Analysis Using Scattering Parameters. 2.4 Other Circuit Parameters. 2.5 Analyses of Symmetric Networks. 2.6 Analyses with Image Parameters. Exercises. References. 3. Conventional Ring Hybrids. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Original Concept of the 3-dB Ring Hybrid. 3.3 Conventional Ring Hybrids. 3.4 Conventional 3-dB Uniplanar Ring Hybrids. Exercises. References. 4. Asymmetric Ring Hybrids. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Derivation of Design Equations of Asymmetric Ring Hybrids. 4.3 Small Asymmetric Ring Hybrids. 4.4 Wideband or Small Asymmetric Ring Hybrids. 4.5 Miniaturized Ring Hybrids Terminated in Arbitrary Impedances. Exercises. References. 5. Asymmetric Branch-Line Hybrids. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Origin of Branch-Line Hybrids. 5.3 Multisection Branch-Line Couplers. 5.4 Branch-Line Hybrids for Impedance Transforming. 5.5 Asymmetric Four-Port Hybrids. Exercises. References. 6. Conventional Three-Port Power Dividers. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Three-Port 3-dB Power Dividers. 6.3 Three-Port Power Dividers with Arbitrary Power Divisions. 6.4 Symmetric Analyses of Asymmetric Three-Port Power Dividers. 6.5 Three-Port 3-dB Power Dividers Terminated in Complex Frequency-Dependent Impedances. 6.6 Three-Port 45 Power Divider/Combiner. Exercises. References. 7. Three-Port 3-dB Power Dividers Terminated in Different Impedances. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Perfect Isolation Condition. 7.3 Analyses. 7.4 Scattering Parameters of Three-Port Power Dividers. 7.5 Lumped-Element Three-Port 3-dB Power Dividers. 7.6 Coplanar Three-Port 3-dB Power Dividers. Exercises. References. 8. General Design Equations for N-Way Arbitrary Power Dividers. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 General Design Equations for Three-Port Power Dividers. 8.3 General Design Equations for N-Way Power Dividers. Exercises. References. 9. Asymmetric Ring-Hybrid Phase Shifters and Attenuators. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Scattering Parameters of Asymmetric Ring Hybrids. 9.3 Asymmetric Ring-Hybrid Phase Shifters. 9.4 Asymmetric Ring-Hybrid Attenuator with Phase Shifts. Exercises. References. 10. Ring Filters and Their Use in a New Measurement Technique for Inherent Ring-Resonance Frequency. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Ring Filters. 10.3 New Measurement Technique for Inherent Ring-Resonance Frequency. 10.4 Conclusions. Exercises. References. 11. Small Impedance Transformers, CVTs and CCTs, and Their Applications to Small Power Dividers and Ring Filters. 11.1 Small Transmission-Line Impedance Transformers. 11.2 Mathematical Approach for CVTs and CCTs. 11.3 CVT3PDs and CCT3PDs. 11.4 Asymmetric Three-Port 45 Power Divider Terminated in Arbitrary Impedances. 11.5 CVT and CCT Ring Filters. 11.5.1 Analyses of Ring Filters. Exercises. References. Appendix A: Symbols and Abbreviations. Appendix B: Conversion Matrices. Appendix C: Derivation of the Elements of a Small Asymmetric Ring Hybrid. Appendix D: Trigonometric Relations. Appendix E: Hyperbolic Relations. Index.
Electrocorrosion and Protection of Metals, Second Edition, compiles theoretical and practical information, outlines the specific problem, and presents the available solutions related to corrosion by external currents. Basic data on the behavior of different metals under the attack of anodic, cathodic, direct and alternating currents is considered, as are the problems of electrocorrosion鈥攆rom the identification of corrosion damage and detection of the external current sources, to the selection of optimal means and methods of mitigation, monitoring and protection of different metallic structures and structures of reinforced concrete. This book includes comprehensive information and provides necessary links to more detailed, original sources, thus enabling users to solve either general or particular problems of electrocorrosion and protection of metals.Provides a comprehensive listing of all possible sources of external currents which attack metallic equipment, piping and other metallic structuresOutlines the sources of corrosion damage for fast and reliable analysis Provides technical examples and case studies related to electrocorrosionPresents new data and methods of electrocorrosion control and monitoring using computerized techniques and technologiesIncludes original methods鈥攐nly considered in this publication鈥攐f metals protection against electrocorrosion
This book, designed for engineers, technicians, designers and operators working with electrical networks, contains theoretical and practical information on the design and set-up of protection systems. Protection of Electrical Networks first discusses network structures and grounding systems together with problems that can occur in networks. It goes on to cover current and voltage transformers, protection functions, circuit breakers and fuses. Practical explanations of how protection systems function are given, and these, together with tables of settings, make this book suitable for any reader, irrespective of their initial level of knowledge.
Preface ix 1. Fundamentals of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy 1 2. Graphical representation of impedance spectroscopy data 23 3. Equivalent-circuit elements and modeling of the impedance phenomenon 37 4. Examples of ideal equivalent circuit models 49 5. Impedance representation of bulk-material and electrode processes 59 6. Distributed impedance models 97 7. Impedance analysis of complex systems 113 8. Impedance Instrumentation, testing, and data validation 163 9. Selected examples of impedance-analysis applications: electroactive polymer films 205 10. Selected examples of EIS analysis applications: industrial colloids and lubricants 219 11. Selected examples of EIS analysis applications: cell suspensions, protein adsorption, and implantable biomedical devices 247 12. Selected examples of impedance-analysis applications 281 13. Impedance-spectroscopy modifications 319 14. Conclusions and perspectives of EIS 333 Abbreviations and Symbols 335 Index 345
Advances in synthesis and characterization of dielectric, piezoelectric and ferroelectric thin films are included in this volume. Dielectric, piezoelectric and ferroelectric thin films have a tremendous impact on a variety of commercial and military systems including tunable microwave devices, memories, MEMS devices, actuators and sensors. Recent work on piezoelectric characterization, AFE to FE dielectric phase transformation dielectrics, solution and vapor deposited thin films, and materials integration are among the topics included. Novel approaches to nanostructuring, characterization of material properties and physical responses at the nanoscale also is included.
Preface. Acknowledgments. The Blind Men and the Elephant. History of Impedance Spectroscopy. I: Background. 1. Complex Variables. 1.1 Why Imaginary Numbers? 1.2 Terminology. 1.3 Operations Involving Complex variables. 1.4 Elementary Functions of Complex Variables. Problems. 2. Differential Equations. 2.1 Linear First-Order Differential Equations. 2.2 Homogeneous Linear Second-Order Differential Equations. 2.3 Nonhomogeneous Linear Second-Order Differential Equations. 2.4 Partial Differential Equations by Similarity Transformations. 2.5 Differential Equations with Complex Variables. Problems. 3. Statistics. 3.1 Definitions. 3.2 Error Propagation. 3.3 Hypothesis Tests. Problems. 4. Electrical Circuits. 4.1 Passive Electrical Circuits. 4.2 Fundamental Relationships. 4.3 Nested Circuits. 4.4 Mathematical Equivalence of Circuits. 4.5 Graphical Representation of Circuit Response. Problems. 5. Electrochemistry. 5.1 Resistors and Electrochemical Cells. 5.2 Equilibrium in Electrochemical Systems. 5.3 Polarization Behavior for Electrochemical Systems. 5.4 Definitions of Potential. 5.5 Rate Expressions. 5.6 Transport Processes. 5.7 Potential Contributions. 5.8 Capacitance Contributions. Problems. 6. Electrochemical Instrumentation. 6.1 The Ideal Operational Amplifier. 6.2 Elements of Electrochemical Instrumentation. 6.3 Electrochemical Interface. Problems. II: Experimental Considerations. 7. Experimental Methods. 7.1 Steady-State Polarization Curves. 7.2 Transient Response to a Potential Step. 7.3 Analysis in Frequency Domain. 7.4 Comparison of Measurement Techniques. 7.5 Specialized Techniques. Problems. 8. Experimental Design. 8.1 Cell Design. 8.2 Experimental Considerations. 8.3 Instrumentation Parameters. Problems. III: Process Models. 9. Equivalent Circuit Analogs. 9.1 General Approach. 9.2 Current Addition. 9.3 Potential Addition. Problems. 10. Kinetic Models. 10.1 Electrochemical Reactions. 10.2 Reaction Dependent on Potential Only. 10.3 Reaction Dependent on Potential and Mass Transfer. 10.4 Coupled Reactions Dependent on Potential and Surface Coverage. 10.5 Reactions Dependent on Potential, Surface Coverage, and Transport. Problems. 11. Diffusion Impedance. 11.1 Uniformly Accessible Electrode. 11.2 General mathematical Framework. 11.3 Stagnant Diffusion Layer. 11.4 Diffusion through a Solid Film. 11.5 Coupled Diffusion Impendence. 11.6 Rotating Disk. 11.7 Submerged Impinging Jet. 11.8 Rotating Cylinders. Problems. 12. Semiconducting Systems. 12.1 Semiconductor Physics. 12.2 Steady-State Models. 12.3 Impedance Models. Problems. 13. Time-Constant Dispersion. 13.1 Constant-Phase Elements. 13.2 Convective Diffusion Impedance at Small Electrodes. 13.3 Geometry-Induced Current and Potential Distributions. 13.4 Porous Electrodes. 13.5 Oxide Layers. Problems 14. Generalized Transfer Functions. 14.1 Multi-Input/Multi-Output Systems. 14.2 Transfer Functions Involving Exclusively Electrical Quantities. 14.3 Transfer Functions Involving Nonelectrical Quantities. Problems. 15. Electrohydrodynamic Impedance. 15.1 Hydrodynamic Transfer Function. 15.2 Mass-Transport Transfer Function. 15.3 Kinetic Transfer Function for Simple Electrochemical Reactions. 15.4 Interface with a 2-D or 3-D Insulating Phase. Problems. IV: Interpretation Strategies. 16. Methods for Representing Impedance. 16.1 Impedance Format. 16.2 Admittance Format. 16.3 Complex-Capacitance Format. 16.4 Effective Capacitance. Problems. 17. Preliminary Graphical Methods. 17.1 Application to a Randles Circuit. 17.2 Application to Blocking Electrodes. 17.3 Overview. Problems. 18. Model-Based Graphical Methods. 18.1 Mass Transfer. 18.2 Reaction Kinetics: Arrhenius Relations. 18.3 Mott-Schottky Plots. Problems. 19. Complex Nonlinear Regression. 19.1 Concept. 19.2 Objective Functions. 19.3 Formalism of Regression Strategies. 19.4 Regression Strategies for Nonlinear Problems. 19.5 Influence of Data Quality on Regression. 19.6 Initial Estimates for regression. 19.7 Regression Statistics. Problems. 20. Assessing regression Quality. 20.1 Methods to Assess Regression Quality. 20.2 Application of Regression Concepts. V: Statistical Analysis. 21. Error Structure of Impedance Measurements. 21.1 Error Contributions. 21.2 Stochastic Errors in Impedance measurements. 21.3 Bias Errors. 21.4 Incorporation of Error Structure. 21.5 Measurement Models for Error Identification. 22. The Kramers-Kronig Relations. 22.1 mathematical Origin. 22.2 The Kramers-Kronig in an Expectation Sense. 22.3 Methods for Application. Problems. VI: Overview. 23. An Integrated Approach to Impedance Spectroscopy. 23.1 Flowcharts for Regression Analysis. 23.2 Integration of Measurements, Error Analysis, and Model. 23.3 Application. Problems. VII: Reference Material. A. Complex Integrals. B. Tables of Reference Material. C. List of Examples. List of Symbols. References. Index.
Impedance Source Power Electronic Converters brings together state of the art knowledge and cutting edge techniques in various stages of research related to the ever more popular impedance source converters/inverters. Significant research efforts are underway to develop commercially viable and technically feasible, efficient and reliable power converters for renewable energy, electric transportation and for various industrial applications. This book provides a detailed understanding of the concepts, designs, controls, and application demonstrations of the impedance source converters/inverters. Key features: Comprehensive analysis of the impedance source converter/inverter topologies, including typical topologies and derived topologies. Fully explains the design and control techniques of impedance source converters/inverters, including hardware design and control parameter design for corresponding control methods. Presents the latest power conversion solutions that aim to advance the role of power electronics into industries and sustainable energy conversion systems. Compares impedance source converter/inverter applications in renewable energy power generation and electric vehicles as well as different industrial applications. Provides an overview of existing challenges, solutions and future trends. Supported by calculation examples, simulation models and results. Highly accessible, this is an invaluable resource for researchers, postgraduate/graduate students studying power electronics and its application in industry and renewable energy conversion as well as practising R&D engineers. Readers will be able to apply the presented material for the future design of the next generation of efficient power electronic converters/inverters.
This series of circuits provides designers with a quick source for amplifier circuits. Why waste time paging through huge encyclopedias when you can choose the topic you need and select any of the specialized circuits sorted by application? This book in the series has 250-300 practical, ready-to-use circuit designs, with schematics and brief explanations of circuit operation. The original source for each circuit is listed in an appendix, making it easy to obtain additional information.Ready-to-use circuitsGrouped by application for easy look-upCircuit source listings
In the US, UK and Europe there is in excess of one notifiable dust or electrostatic explosion every day of the year. This clearly makes the hazards associated with the handling of materials subject to either cause or react to electrostatic discharge of vital importance to anyone associated with their handling or industrial bulk use. This book provides a comprehensive guide to the dangers of static electricity and how to avoid them. It will prove invaluable to safety managers and professionals, as well as all personnel involved in the activities concerned, in the chemical, agricultural, pharmaceutical and petrochemical process industries. Electrostatic Hazards makes extended use of case studies to illustrate the principles being expounded, thereby making it far more open, accessible and attractive to the practitioner in industry than the highly theoretical texts which are also available. The authors have many years' experience in the area behind them, including the professional teaching of the content provided here. Glanter Llattgens is a widely acknowledged consultant who travels Europe providing training to major industrial corporations on this subject, whilst Norman Wilson practices what is written here in his professional capacity with the British Textile Technology Group.Extended use of case studies to illustrate the principles.This makes the book far more open, accessible and attractive to the practitioner in industry than the highly theoretical texts also availableAuthors have many years experience in the areaBoth authors have been widely published with considerable previous book-writing experience
Semiconductor technologies are moving at such a fast pace that new materials are needed in all types of application. Manipulating the materials and their properties at atomic dimensions has become a must. This book presents the case of interlayer dielectrics materials whilst considering these challenges. Interlayer Dielectrics for Semiconductor Technologies cover the science, properties and applications of dielectrics, their preparation, patterning, reliability and characterisation, followed by the discussion of different materials including those with high dielctric constants and those useful for waveguide applications in optical communications on the chip and the package.* Brings together for the FIRST time the science and technology of interlayer deilectrics materials, in one volume* written by renowned experts in the field* Provides an up-to-date starting point in this young research field.
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