The second in a three-volume set exploring Problems and Solutions in Medical Physics , this volume explores common questions and their solutions in Nuclear Medicine. This invaluable study guide should be used in conjunction with other key textbooks in the field to provide additional learning opportunities. Topics include radioactivity and nuclear transformation, radionuclide production and radiopharmaceuticals, non-imaging detectors and counters, instrumentation for gamma imaging, SPECT and PET/CT, imaging techniques, radionuclide therapy, internal radiation dosimetry, and quality control and radiation protection in nuclear medicine. Each chapter provides examples, notes, and references for further reading to enhance understanding. Features: Consolidates concepts and assists in the understanding and applications of theoretical concepts in medical physics Assists lecturers and instructors in setting assignments and tests Suitable as a revision tool for postgraduate students sitting medical physics, oncology, and radiology sciences examinations
Solution Thermodynamics and its Application to Aqueous Solutions: A Differential Approach, Second Edition introduces a differential approach to solution thermodynamics, applying it to the study of aqueous solutions. This valuable approach reveals the molecular processes in solutions in greater depth than that gained by spectroscopic and other methods. The book clarifies what a hydrophobe, or a hydrophile, and in turn, an amphiphile, does to H2O. By applying the same methodology to ions that have been ranked by the Hofmeister series, the author shows that the kosmotropes are either hydrophobes or hydration centers, and that chaotropes are hydrophiles. This unique approach and important updates make the new edition a must-have reference for those active in solution chemistry.Unique differential approach to solution thermodynamics allows for experimental evaluation of the intermolecular interactionIncorporates research findings from over 40 articles published since the previous editionNumerical or graphical evaluation and direct experimental determination of third derivatives, enthalpic and volumetric AL-AL interactions and amphiphiles are new to this editionFeatures new chapters on spectroscopic study in aqueous solutions as well as environmentally friendly and hostile water aqueous solutions
Continuing the tradition of the Advances in Chemical Physicsseries, Volume 101: Chemical Reactions and Their Control on theFemtosecond Time Scale details the extraordinary findings reportedat the XXth Solvay Conference on Chemistry, held at the UniversiteLibre de Bruxelles, Belgium, from November 28 to December 2, 1995.This new volume discusses the remarkable opportunities afforded bythe femtosecond laser, focusing on the host of phenomena this laserhas made it possible to observe. Examining molecules on theintrinsic time scale of their vibrations as well as theirdissociative motions and electronic excitations represents onlypart of a broadened scientific window made possible by thefemtosecond laser. The assembled studies, with follow-up discussions, reflect the manyspecialties and perspectives of the Conference's 65 participants aswell as their optimism concerning the breadth of scientificdiscovery now open to them. The studies shed light on the laser'senhanced technical reach in the area of coherent control ofchemical reactions as well as of more general quantum systems. Thetheoretical fundamentals of femto-chemistry, the unique behavior ofthe femtosecond laser, and a view toward future technologicalapplications were also discussed: * Femtochemistry: chemical reaction dynamics and their control * Coherent control with femtosecond laser pulses * Femtosecond chemical dynamics in condensed phases * Control of quantum many-body dynamics * Experimental observation of laser control * Solvent dynamics and RRKM theory of clusters * High-resolution spectroscopy and intramolecular dynamics * Molecular Rydberg states and ZEKE spectroscopy * Transition-state spectroscopy and photodissociation * Quantum and semiclassical theories of chemical reactionrates. A fascinating and informative status report on the cutting-edgechemical research made possible by the femtosecond laser, ChemicalReactions and Their Control on the Femtosecond Time Scale is anindispensable volume for professionals and students alike. The femtosecond laser and chemistry's extraordinary new frontier ofmolecular motions observed on the scale of a quadrillionth of asecond. Research chemists have only tapped the surface of the spectacularreach and precision of the femtosecond laser, a technology that hasallowed them to observe the dynamics of molecules on the intrinsictime scale of their vibrations, dissociative motions, andelectronic excitations. Volume 101 in the Advances in ChemicalPhysics series, Chemical Reactions and Their Control on theFemtosecond Time Scale details their extraordinary findings,presented at the XXth Solvay Conference on Chemistry, inBrussels. The studies reflect the work, in part, of the Conference's 65participants, including many prominent contributors. Together theyshed light on the laser's enhanced technical range in the area ofcoherent control of chemical reactions as well as of more generalquantum systems. The theoretical fundamentals of femtochemistry,the unique behavior of the femtosecond laser, and a view towardfuture technological applications were also discussed. An exceptionally up-to-date examination of the chemical analysesmade possible by the femtosecond laser, Chemical Reactions andTheir Control on the Femtosecond Time Scale is an importantreference for professionals and students interested in enhancingtheir research capabilities with this remarkable tool. From 1993 to 1996, she worked with Dr. P. Gaspard at the UniversiteLibre de Bruxelles, Belgium, on the application of newsemiclassical techniques to elementary chemical reaction processes.
The Advances in Chemical Physics series provides the chemical physics and physical chemistry fields with a forum for critical, authoritative evaluations of advances in every area of the discipline. Filled with cutting-edge research reported in a cohesive manner not found elsewhere in the literature, each volume of the Advances in Chemical Physics series serves as the perfect supplement to any advanced graduate class devoted to the study of chemical physics.
The Matching Method for Asymptotic Solutions in Chemical PhysicsProblems by A. M. Il'in, L. A. Kalyakin, and S. I.Maslennikov Singularly Perturbed Problems with Boundary and Interior Layers:Theory and Application by V. F. Butuzov and A. B. Vasilieva Numerical Methods for Singularly Perturbed Boundary Value ProblemsModeling Diffusion Processes by V. L. Kolmogorov and G. I.Shishkin An important addition to the Advances in Chemical Physics series,this volume makes available for the first time in English the workof leading Russian researchers in singular perturbation theory andits application. Since boundary layers were first introduced byPrandtl early in this century, rapid advances have been made in theanalytic and numerical investigation of these phenomena, andnowhere have these advances been more notable than in the Russianschool of singular perturbation theory. The three chapters in thisvolume treat various aspects of singular perturbations and theirnumerical solution, and represent some of the best work done inthis area: * The first chapter, "The Matching Method for Asymptotic Solutionsin Chemical Physics Problems," is concerned with the analysis ofsome singular perturbation problems that arise in chemicalkinetics. In this chapter the matching method is applied to findasymptotic solutions to some dynamical systems of ordinarydifferential equations whose solutions have multiscale timedependence. * The second chapter, "Singularly Perturbed Problems with Boundaryand Interior Layers: Theory and Application," offers acomprehensive overview of the theory and application of asymptoticapproximations for many different kinds of problems in chemicalphysics governed by either ordinary or partial differentialequations with boundary and interior layers. * The third chapter, "Numerical Methods for Singularly PerturbedBoundary Value Problems Modeling Diffusion Processes," discussesthe numerical difficulties that arise in solving the problemsdescribed in the first two chapters, and proposes rigorous criteriafor determining whether or not a numerical method is satisfactoryfor such problems. Methods satisfying these criteria are thenconstructed and applied to obtain numerical solutions to a range ofsample problems. Timely, authoritative, and invaluable to researchers in all areasof chemical physics, Singular Perturbation Problems in ChemicalPhysics is an essential resource.
This book covers the theory and applications of continuum solvation models. The main focus is on the quantum-mechanical version of these models, but classical approaches and combined or hybrid techniques are also discussed. Devoted to solvation models in which reviews of the theory, the computational implementation Solvation continuum models are treated using the different points of view from experts belonging to different research fields Can be read at two levels: one, more introductive, and the other, more detailed (and more technical), on specific physical and numerical aspects involved in each issue and/or application Possible limitations or incompleteness of models is pointed out with, if possible, indications of future developments Four-colour representation of the computational modeling throughout.
Discover the materials set to revolutionize the electronics industry The search for electronic materials that can be cheaply solution-processed into films, while simultaneously providing quality device characteristics, represents a major challenge for materials scientists. Continuous semiconducting thin films with large carrier mobilities are particularly desirable for high-speed microelectronic applications, potentially providing new opportunities for the development of low-cost, large-area, flexible computing devices, displays, sensors, and solar cells. To date, the majority of solution-processing research has focused on molecular and polymeric organic films. In contrast, this book reviews recent achievements in the search for solution-processed inorganic semiconductors and other critical electronic components. These components offer the potential for better performance and more robust thermal and mechanical stability than comparable organic-based systems. Solution Processing of Inorganic Materials covers everything from the more traditional fields of sol-gel processing and chemical bath deposition to the cutting-edge use of nanomaterials in thin-film deposition. In particular, the book focuses on materials and techniques that are compatible with high-throughput, low-cost, and low-temperature deposition processes such as spin coating, dip coating, printing, and stamping. Throughout the text, illustrations and examples of applications are provided to help the reader fully appreciate the concepts and opportunities involved in this exciting field. In addition to presenting the state-of-the-art research, the book offers extensive background material. As a result, any researcher involved or interested in electronic device fabrication can turn to this book to become fully versed in the solution-processed inorganic materials that are set to revolutionize the electronics industry.
Important safety aspects of compatibility for therapeutic products and their manufacturing systems, delivery devices, and containers Compatibility of Pharmaceutical Products and Contact Materials helps pharmaceutical, toxicology, analytical, and regulatory affairs professionals assess the safety of leachable and extractable chemicals associated with drug product packaging, manufacturing systems, and devices. The most comprehensive resource available, its coverage includes the strategies, tactics, and regulatory requirements for performing safety assessments, along with the means for interpreting results. Structured around a logical framework for an extractables and leachables safety assessment and closely linked to the pharmaceutical product development process, Compatibility of Pharmaceutical Products and Contact Materials directly addresses the fundamental questions of "what activities need to be performed to completely, efficiently, and effectively address the issue of product safety from an extractables and leachables perspective?" and "when do the various required activities need to be performed?" Specifically, the chapters describe: Pertinent regulations and practical ways to meet guidelines Coordinating manufacturing, storage, and delivery systems development and qualification with therapeutic product development Materials characterization and the materials screening process Component and/or system qualification (illustrated by several case studies) Performing validation/migration studies and interpreting and reporting the results Creating a product registration dossier and putting it through regulatory review Product maintenance (Change Control) from an extractables and leachables perspective Likely future developments in extractables and leachables assessment Additionally, the book's appendix provides a database, including CAS registry numbers, chemical formulas and molecular weights of extractable/leachable substances that have been reported in the chemical literature. Detailing the interconnected roles played by analytical chemistry, biological science, toxicology, and regulatory science, Compatibility of Pharmaceutical Products and Contact Materials supplies a much-needed, comprehensive resource to all those in pharmaceutical product or medical device development.
A comprehensive look at empirical approaches to molecular discovery, their relationships with rational design, and the future of both Empirical methods of discovery, along with serendipitous and rational design approaches, have played an important role in human history. Searching for Molecular Solutions compares empirical discovery strategies for biologically useful molecules with serendipitous discovery and rational design, while also considering the strengths and limitations of empirical pathways to molecular discovery. Logically arranged, this text examines the different modes of molecular discovery, empha-sizing the historical and ongoing importance of empirical strategies. Along with a broad overview of the subject matter, Searching for Molecular Solutions explores: The differing modes of molecular discovery Biological precedents for evolutionary approaches Directed evolutionary methods and related areas Enzyme evolution and design Functional nucleic acid discovery Antibodies and other recognition molecules General aspects of molecular recognition Small molecule discovery approaches Rational molecular design The interplay between empirical and rational strategies and their ongoing roles in the future of molecular discovery Searching for Molecular Solutions covers several major areas of modern research, development, and practical applications of molecular sciences. This text offers empirical-rational principles of broad relevance to scientists, professionals, and students interested in general aspectsof molecular discovery, as well as the thought processes behind experimental approaches. Note: CD-ROM/DVD and other supplementary materials are not included as part of eBook file.
Polymer Solutions: An Introduction to Physical Properties offers a fresh, inclusive approach to teaching the fundamentals of physical polymer science. Students, instructors, and professionals in polymer chemistry, analytical chemistry, organic chemistry, engineering, materials, and textiles will find Iwao Teraoka’s text at once accessible and highly detailed in its treatment of the properties of polymers in the solution phase. Teraoka’s purpose in writing Polymer Solutions is twofold: to familiarize the advanced undergraduate and beginning graduate student with basic concepts, theories, models, and experimental techniques for polymer solutions; and to provide a reference for researchers working in the area of polymer solutions as well as those in charge of chromatographic characterization of polymers. The author’s incorporation of recent advances in the instrumentation of size-exclusion chromatography, the method by which polymers are analyzed, renders the text particularly topical. Subjects discussed include: Real, ideal, Gaussian, semirigid, and branched polymer chains Polymer solutions and thermodynamics Static light scattering of a polymer solution Dynamic light scattering and diffusion of polymers Dynamics of dilute and semidilute polymer solutions Study questions at the end of each chapter not only provide students with the opportunity to test their understanding, but also introduce topics relevant to polymer solutions not included in the main text. With over 250 geometrical model diagrams, Polymer Solutions is a necessary reference for students and for scientists pursuing a broader understanding of polymers.
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