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Alkali-Aggregate Reaction and Structural Damage to Concrete -- Engineering Assessment, Repair and Management

碱骨料反应和混凝土的结构损伤：工程评估，维修和管理

CRC Press Blight, Geoffrey E Alexander, Mark G

ISBN：9780415613538，出版年：2011，中图分类号：TU 被引 5次

TABLE OF CONTENTS Author biographies Acknowledgements List of symbols and dimensions Chapter 1: Alkali-aggregate reaction (AAR) and its effects on concrete - an overview 1.1 AAR and its visible characteristics 1.2 The chemical characteristics of AAR 1.3 Guarding against AAR 1.4 Main types of AAR and the appearance of fractures caused by AAR 1.5 Chemical mechanisms of AAR 1.6 Necessary and sufficient requirements for AAR to occur 1.7 What is still to come 1.8 References Chapter 2: Diagnostic investigations and tests and their interpretation 2.1 Investigation of the cause of cracking in a concrete structure 2.2 Petrology of AAR-susceptible minerals and rock types 2.3 Assessing aggregates for AAR-potential 2.4 Aggregate petrography 2.5 References Chapter 3: Effects of AAR on Engineering Properties of Concrete - Results of Laboratory Determinations 3.1 Laboratory specimens and cores taken from structures 3.2 The process of cracking 3.3 Differences between laboratory specimens and cores taken from AAR-affected structures 3.4 The testing of cores and laboratory-prepared cylinders or prisms 3.5 The strength of disrupted or disintegrated concrete 3.6 Elastic properties, compressive, indirect and direct tensile strengths of AAR-affected concrete 3.7 Creep of AAR-damaged concrete under sustained load 3.8 The effects on expansion of compressive stress 3.9 Fracturing of reinforcing steel in AAR-affected structures 3.10 The possibility of bond failure in AAR-affected reinforced concrete structures 3.11 Review and summary of conclusions 3.12 References Chapter 4: Assessment of risk of structural failure based on results of laboratory or field tests 4.1 Introduction, definitions and examples 4.2 An acceptable probability of failure 4.3 Statistical calculation of the probability of failure 4.4 Assessing demand D and capacity C 4.5 A simple example of calculating pf 4.6 Conclusions on statistical assessment of risk 4.7 Full-scale test loading as a means of assessing risk 4.8 Instruments used for measurements in laboratory and in situ load testing 4.9 Planning, preparing and performing an in situ load test on a structure 4.10 "Special" or "once or twice off" test loadings of complete structures 4.11 Routine periodic test loading of complete structures 4.12 Tests on relatively small components removed from site and tested in laboratory 4.13 Review and conclusions 4.14 References Chapter 5: Repair and rehabilitation of AAR-affected structures 5.1 Types of repair or remedial treatment 5.2 Arresting the AAR process - experiments with surface treatments 5.3 Restoring design properties by resin injection 5.4 Repair by externally applied stressing 5.5 Strengthening by glued-on steel plates 5.6 Repair by partial demolition and reconstruction 5.7 Repair and rehabilitation of concrete highway pavement 5.8 Repair or mitigation of effects of AAR in large mass concrete structures 5.9 Repair of broken reinforcement in AAR-damaged concrete 5.10 Review and conclusions 5.11 References Chapter 6: Epilogue - A check-list of important structural consequences of AAR 6.1 AAR is a durability problem that is unlikely to cause structural failure 6.2 AAR results in the deterioration of concrete properties 6.3 In situ concrete properties can usually be expected to be considerably better than properties measured on cores in a laborator 6.4 Compression members are relatively unaffected by AAR 6.5 Flexural members need more consideration 6.6 The performance of structural concrete pavements 6.7 Compressive stresses in AAR-affected concrete 6.8 AAR-damaged structures can reach and exceed their design service life

Properties of concrete Mass concrete Alkaliâaggregate reaction Load testing Durability Compressive strength Creep Flexural strength Forensic engineering Geotechnical engineering Engineering Forensic engineering

Improving Concrete Quality

提高混凝土质量

CRC Press Obla, Karthikeyan H

ISBN：9781466592124，出版年：2014，中图分类号：TU

How Good Is Your Quality? Costs Due to Poor Quality Why Is It So Important to Lower Standard Deviation? Is It Worthwhile Not to Invest in Improved Quality under Certain Circumstances? 2010 NRMCA Quality Measurement and Bench Marking Survey How Can a Concrete Producer Improve Quality? Variation in Concrete Strength Due to Cement Cement from a Given Source Varies between Shipments ASTM C917 How Should a Ready Mixed Concrete Producer Use ASTM C917? Cement Choice Better Understand Concrete Variability and Lower It! Reduce Low-Strength Problems and Optimize Mixture Proportions Troubleshoot Low-Strength Problems How Should a Cement Producer Use ASTM C917? Summary Variation in Concrete Strength Due to Water and Air Content Variation Mixing Water Content Variation and Its Effect on Compressive Strength Variation Air Content Variation and Its Effect on Strength Variation Combined Effect of Water and Air Content Variation on Strength Variation Discussion Summary Mixing-Water Control Sources of Water Washwater in Truck Mixer Drum from Previous Load Batchwater Free Water from Aggregates Water Added at Slump Rack Water Added at Job Site Variations in Mixing-Water Demand Effect of Mixing-Water Content, Mixing-Water Demand on Measured Slump Plant Tests for Quality Assurance Summary Variation in Concrete Strength and Air Content Due to Fly Ash Variability of Fly Ash Shipments from Given Source Air Entrainment Strength Activity Fly Ash Testing Required by ASTM C311 and C618 Suggested Producer Actions Air Entrainment Strength Activity Index Other Tests Summary of Suggested Producer Actions Variation in Concrete Performance Due to Aggregates Variability of Aggregate from Single Source Aggregate Properties and Their Effect on Concrete Mixture Proportioning and Performance Relative Density and Absorption of Aggregate Aggregate Moisture Content Void Content in Coarse Aggregates Void Content of Fine Aggregates Aggregate Grading Material Finer than 75 mum (No 200) Sand Equivalency Using Aggregate Test Results Table 6.1 Test Results Table 6.2 Test Results-Tests Conducted by the Aggregate Producer Table 6.2 Test Results-Tests conducted by Concrete Producer Basic Statistics Basic Statistical Parameters Variability Frequency Distributions Normal Distribution Predictions Using a Normal Distribution Types of Variation Common Causes and Special Causes Step Changes Control Charts Individual Chart Average and Range Charts Moving Average and Moving Range Charts CUSUM Charts Example Variation in Concrete Performance Due to Batching ASTM C94 Scale Accuracy and Accuracy of Plant Batching Two Issues with Batching Over-Batching Variation of Batch Weights and Its Effects Cementitious Weight Variation and Its Effect on Strength Variation How Can a Company Improve Batching Accuracy? Yield Measurements-A Tool to Improve Batching Accuracy Summary Variation in Concrete Performance Due to Manufacturing ASTM C94 Requirements for Uniformity of Concrete Improving Uniformity of Concrete Produced in Truck Mixer Batching Sequence Mixing Revolutions Mixing Speed What Can a Company Do to Improve Uniformity of Concrete Produced in a Truck Mixer? Variation in Concrete Performance Due to Temperature Effect of Temperature on Setting Time Effect of Temperature on Early-Age Strength Effect of Temperature on Mixing-Water Demand Variation in Concrete Performance Due to Delivery Time Summary Variation in Concrete Performance Due to Testing A Measure of Testing Variability Other Methods of Evaluating Testing Other Property Measurements Producer Testing Rate of Strength Gain Cylinder Density Laboratory Reports ACI Code and Specification Requirements Related to Concrete Testing Steps to Improve the Quality of Acceptance Testing Education Round-Robin Testing Programs Incentives to Testing Technicians Preconstruction Conferences Other Strategies Summary Internal Concrete Testing Why Test at the Plant When We Can Get Job-Site Test Data? Criteria for Plant Testing Selection of Mixture Classes Sampling and Types of Testing Frequency of Testing Data Analysis Control Charts Slump Air Content Density Air-Free Density Temperature Compressive Strength CUSUM Charts Summary Using Job-Site Test Results for Improving Concrete Quality Acceptance Test Results Data Analysis Rejecting Outliers Control Charts Control Chart Limits Monitoring S of Compressive Strength CUSUM Charts Use of Control and CUSUM Charts to Analyze Project Test Data Project 1 Project 2 Project 3 Summary Impact of Specifications on Concrete Quality Allow Use of Standard Deviations Not Just over Designs Move from Prescriptive to Performance-Based Specifications Minimum Cementitious Content Maximum w/cm Changes to Mixture Proportions after Submittal Qualifications Producer Qualifications Installer and Testing Agency Qualifications Bonus-Penalty Provisions Job-Site Concrete Acceptance Testing Current information on Material Properties Summary Impact of Concrete Quality on Sustainability Target a Low Standard Deviation Better Job-Site Curing and Overall Testing Quality Mixture Optimization Fewer Returned Concrete and Hardened Concrete Issues Plant and Truck Mixer Maintenance Temperature Measurements Batching Accuracy and Yield Measurements Mixture Adjustments Summary Elements of a Quality Management System for a Concrete Producer Why Should a Company Have a QMS? What Are Elements of a QMS and How Does It Improve Quality? Quality Objectives and Measurement Management Commitment Customer Focus Personnel Qualifications Quality Manager Plant Operators Field Testing Technicians Laboratory Technicians Truck Mixer Operators Laboratory Testing Capabilities Aggregate Tests Concrete Tests Materials Management and Conformance Production Control Specification Review, Mixture Development, Optimization Receiving Orders and Record Keeping Testing Internal Testing at the Plant Internal Testing at the Job Site Quality Assurance Test Records Nonconforming Acceptance Test Results Identification/Traceability Quality Audit Returned Concrete and Washwater Summary Bibliography References Terminology Appendices Index

Acceptance testing Air entrainment Quality assurance Control chart Test data Compressive strength Frequency distribution Quality management Civil engineering Structural engineering Engineering