Foreword.Preface.About the Author.Acknowledgements.Chapter 1: Introduction.1.1 Additives.1.2 Plastics formulations .1.3 Economic impact of polymer additives.1.4 Analysis of plastics.1.5 Bibliography.1.6 References.Chapter 2: Deformulation Principles.2.1 Polymer identification.2.2 Additive analysis of rubbers: 'Best Practice'.2.3 Polymer extract analysis.2.4 In situ polymer/additive analysis.2.5 Class-specific polymer/additive analysis.2.6 Bibliography.2.7 References.Chapter 3: Sample Preparation Perspectives.3.1 Solvents.3.2 Extraction strategy.3.3 Conventional extraction technologies.3.4 High-pressure solvent extraction methods.3.5 Sorbent extraction.3.6 Methodological comparison of extraction methods.3.7 Polymer/additive dissolution methods.3.8 Hydrolysis.3.9 Bibliography.3.10 References.Chapter 4: Separation Techniques.4.1 Analytical detectors.4.2 Gas chromatography.4.3 Supercritical fluid chromatography.4.4 Liquid chromatography techniques.4.5 Capillary electrophoretic techniques.4.6 Bibliography.4.7 References.Chapter 5: Polymer/Additive Analysis: The Spectroscopic Alternative.5.1 Ultraviolet/visible spectrophotometry.5.2 Infrared spectroscopy.5.3 Luminescence spectroscopy.5.4 High-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.5.5 Bibliography.5.6 References.Chapter 6: Organic Mass-Spectrometric Methods.6.1 Basic instrumentation.6.2 Ion sources.6.3 Mass analysers.6.4 Direct mass-spectrometric polymer compound analysis.6.5 Ion mobility spectrometry.6.6 Bibliography.6.7 References.Chapter 7: Multihyphenation and Multidimensionality in Polymer/Additive Analysis.7.1 Precolumn hyphenation.7.2 Coupled sample preparation - spectroscopy/spectrometry.7.3 Postcolumn hyphenation.7.4 Multidimensional chromatography.7.5 Multidimensional spectroscopy.7.6 Bibliography.7.7 References.Chapter 8: Inorganic and Element Analytical Methods.8.1 Element analytical protocols.8.2 Sample destruction for classical elemental analysis.8.3 Analytical atomic spectrometry.8.4 X-ray spectrometry.8.5 Inorganic mass spectrometry.8.6 Radioanalytical and nuclear analytical methods.8.7 Electroanalytical techniques.8.8 Solid-state speciation analysis.8.9 Bibliography.8.10 References.Chapter 9: Direct Methods of Deformulation of Polymer/Additive Dissolutions.9.1 Chromatographic methods.9.2 Spectroscopic techniques.9.3 Mass-spectrometric methods.9.4 References.Chapter 10: A Vision for the Future.10.1 Trends in polymer technology.10.2 Trends in additive technology.10.3 Environmental, legislative and regulatory constraints.10.4 Analytical consequences.10.5 Epilogue.10.6 Bibliography.10.7 References.Appendix I: List of Symbols.Appendix II: Functionality of Common Additives Used in Commercial Thermoplastics, Rubbers and Thermosetting Resins.Appendix III: Specimen Polymer Additives Product Sheets.Index.
Characterization of Liquids, Dispersions, Emulsions and Porous Materials Using Ultrasound, Third Edition, presents a scientific background for novel methods of characterizing homogeneous and heterogeneous liquids (dispersions, emulsions, and gels) as well as porous materials. Homogeneous liquids are characterized in rheological terms, whereas particle-size distribution and zeta potential are parameters of heterogeneous liquids. For porous materials, porosity, pore size, and zeta potential are output characteristics. These methods are based on ultrasound, which opens an opportunity for simplifying the sample preparation by eliminating dilution. This in turn, makes measurements faster, easier, precise, suitable for accurate quality control, PAT, and formulation of complex systems. This book provides theoretical background of acoustics, rheology, colloid science, electrochemistry, and other relevant scientific fields, describing principles of existing instrumentation and, in particular, commercially available instruments. Finally, the book features an extensive list of existing applications. Presents a theoretical multi-disciplinary background of several new ultrasound analytical techniques in one placeValidates the theoretical basis of several new analytical techniques Compares the efficiency and applications of various ultrasound techniquesLists many ultrasound applications in colloid chemistryContains an extensive bibliography on this multidisciplinary topic
Prigogine and Rice's highly acclaimed series, Advances in Chemical Physics, provides a forum for critical, authoritative reviews of current topics in every area of chemical physics. Edited by J.K. Vij, this volume focuses on recent advances in liquid crystals with significant, up-to-date chapters authored by internationally recognized researchers in the field.
Enzymes are currently used in various industries, most commonly in food, detergents, and pharmaceuticals production. Lipases are hydrolytic enzymes that demonstrate great potential as an alternative to conventional catalysts in a number of industrial applications. A complete understanding of enzymes, and their proteins structure and environmental behavior, can greatly aid in the further development of industrial applications. Supercritical Fluids Technology in Lipase Catalized Processesprovides basic information about enzymes, their sources, reaction kinetics, and main industrial applications. The book focuses in lipases. their main sources, structure, and features, with an emphasis on their specificity and interfacial activity, and presents proven techniques for isolating, extracting, and purifying. Comprised of six compact chapters, this comprehensive guide introduces: Immobilization techniques and immobilized lipases that allow repeated use (which is essential from an economic point of view) Different bioreactor configurations using immobilized lipases The latest information on the available technologies in lipolytic reactions The advantages of nonaqueous media in biochemical synthesis over aqueous and solvent-free systems Material on the use of lipases in nonaqueous media to overcome the drawbacks usually encountered with the use of conventional chemical catalysts The use of supercritical fluids (SCFs) as a green alternative reaction medium
Preface.Abbreviations and Acronyms.1 Chemistry in Alternative Reaction Media.1.1 Economic and Political Considerations.1.2 Why Do Things Dissolve?1.3 Solvent Properties and Solvent Classification.1.3.1 Density.1.3.2 Mass Transport.1.3.3 Boiling Point, Melting Point and Volatility.1.3.4 Solvents as Heat-Transfer Media.1.3.5 Cohesive Pressure, Internal Pressure, and Solubility Parameter.1.4 Solvent Polarity.1.4.1 Dipole Moment and Dispersive Forces.1.4.2 Dielectric Constant.1.4.3 Electron Pair Donor and Acceptor Numbers.1.4.4 Empirical Polarity Scales.1.4.5 ENT and ET(30) Parameters.1.4.6 Kamlet-Taft Parameters.1.4.7 Hydrogen Bond Donor (HBD) and Hydrogen Bond Acceptor (HBA) Solvents.1.5 The Effect of Solvent Polarity on Chemical Systems.1.5.1 The Effect of Solvent Polarity on Chemical Reactions.1.5.2 The Effect of Solvent Polarity on Equilibria.1.6 W hat is Required from Alternative Solvent Strategies?References.2 Multiphasic Solvent Systems.2.1 An Introduction to Multiphasic Chemistry.2.1.1 The Traditional Biphasic Approach.2.1.2 Temperature Dependent Solvent Systems.2.1.3 Single- to Two-Phase Systems.2.1.4 Multiphasic Systems.2.2 Solvent Combinations.2.2.1 Water.2.2.2 Fluorous Solvents.2.2.3 Ionic Liquids.2.2.4 Supercritical Fluids and Other Solvent Combinations.2.3 Benefits and Problems Associated with Multiphasic Systems.2.3.1 Partially Miscible Liquids.2.4 Kinetics of Homogeneous Reactions.2.4.1 Rate is Independent of Stoichiometry.2.4.2 Rate is Determined by the Probability of Reactants Meeting.2.4.3 Rate is Measured by the Concentration of the Reagents.2.4.4 Catalysed Systems.2.5 Kinetics of Biphasic Reactions.2.5.1 The Concentration of Reactants in Each Phase is Affected by Diffusion.2.5.2 The Concentration of the Reactants and Products in the Reacting Phase is Determined by Their Partition Coefficients.2.5.3 The Partition Coefficients of the Reactants and Products May Alter the Position of the Equilibrium.2.5.4 Effect of Diffusion on Rate.2.5.5 Determining the Rate of a Reaction in a Biphasic System.2.6 Conclusions.References.3 Reactions in Fluorous Media.3.1 Introduction.3.2 Properties of Perfluorinated Solvents.3.3 Designing Molecules for Fluorous Compatibility.3.4 Probing the Effect of Perfluoroalkylation on Ligand Properties.3.5 Partition Coefficients.3.6 Liquid-Liquid Extractions.3.7 Solid Separations.3.8 Conclusions.References.4 Ionic Liquids.4.1 Introduction.4.1.1 The Cations and Anions.4.1.2 Synthesis of Ionic Liquids.4.2 Physical Properties of Ionic Liquids.4.3 Benefits and Problems Associated with Using Ionic Liquids in Synthesis.4.4 Catalyst Design.4.5 Conclusions.References.5 Reactions in Water.5.1 The Structure and Properties of Water.5.1.1 The Structure of Water.5.1.2 Near-Critical Water.5.1.3 The Hydrophobic Effect.5.1.4 The Salt Effect.5.2 The Benefits and Problems Associated with Using Water in Chemical Synthesis.5.3 Organometallic Reactions in Water.5.4 Aqueous Biphasic Catalysis.5.4.1 Ligands for Aqueous-Organic Biphasic Catalysis.5.5 Phase Transfer Catalysis.5.5.1 The Transfer of Nucleophiles into Organic Solvents.5.5.2 Mechanisms of Nucleophilic Substitutions Under Phase Transfer Conditions.5.5.3 The Rates of Phase Transfer Reactions.5.5.4 Using Inorganic Reagents in Organic Reactions.5.6 Organometallic Catalysis under Phase Transfer Conditions.5.7 Triphase Catalysis.5.7.1 Mixing Efficiency in Solid-Liquid Reactions.5.8 Conclusions.References.6 Supercritical Fluids.6.1 Introduction.6.2 Physical Properties.6.3 Local Density Augmentation.6.4 Supercritical Fluids as Replacement Solvents.6.5 Reactor Design.6.6 Spectroscopic Analysis of Supercritical Media.6.6.1 Vibrational Spectroscopy.6.6.2 NMR Spectroscopy.6.7 Reactions in Supercritical Media.6.8 Conclusions.References.7 Diels-Alder Reactions in Alternative Media.7.1 Diels-Alder Reactions in Water.7.2 Diels-Alder Reactions in Perfluorinated Solvents.7.3 Diels-Alder Reactions in Ionic Liquids.7.4 Diels-Alder Reactions in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide.7.5 Conclusions.References.8 Hydrogenation and Hydroformylation Reactions in Alternative Solvents.8.1 Introduction.8.2 Hydrogenation of Simple Alkenes and Arenes.8.2.1 Hydrogenation in Water.8.2.2 Hydrogenation in Ionic Liquids.8.2.3 Hydrogenation in Fluorous Solvents.8.2.4 Hydrogenation in Supercritical Fluids.8.3 Hydroformylation Reactions in Alternative Media.8.3.1 Hydroformylation in Water.8.3.2 Hydroformylation in Ionic Liquids.8.3.3 Hydroformylation in Fluorous Solvents.8.3.4 Hydroformylation in Supercritical Fluids.8.4 Conclusions.References.9 FromAlkanestoCO2: Oxidation in Alternative Reaction Media.9.1 Oxidation of Alkanes.9.2 Oxidation of Alkenes.9.3 Oxidation of Alcohols.9.4 Oxidation of Aldehydes and Ketones.9.5 Destructive Oxidation.9.6 Conclusions.References.10 Carbon-Carbon Bond Formation, Metathesis and Polymerization.10.1 Carbon-Carbon Coupling Reactions.10.1.1 Heck Coupling Reactions.10.1.2 Suzuki Coupling Reactions.10.1.3 Reactions Involving the Formation of C=C Double Bonds.10.2 Metathesis Reactions.10.2.1 Ring Opening Metathesis Polymerization.10.2.2 Ring Closing Metathesis.10.3 Polymerization Reactions in Alternative Reaction Media.10.3.1 Polymerization Reactions in Water.10.3.2 Polymerization Reactions in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide.10.3.3 Polymerization in Fluorous Solvents.10.4 Conclusions.References.11 Alternative Reaction Media in Industrial Processes.11.1 Obstacles and Opportunities for Alternative Media.11.2 Reactor Considerations for Alternative Media.11.2.1 Batch Reactors.11.2.2 Flow Reactors.11.2.3 New Technology Suitable for Multiphasic Reactions.11.3 Industrial Applications of Alternative Solvent Systems.11.3.1 The Development of the First Aqueous-Organic Biphasic Hydroformylation Plant.11.3.2 Other Examples of Processes Using Water as a Solvent.11.3.3 Scale-Up of PTC Systems.11.3.4 Thomas Swan Supercritical Fluid Plant.11.3.5 Other Applications of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide.11.4 Outlook for Fluorous Solvents and Ionic Liquids.11.5 Conclusions.References.Index.
The flow of granular materials such as sand, snow, coal, and catalyst particles is common occurrence in natural and industrial settings. The mechanics of these materials is not well understood. They are important since a large fraction of the materials handled and processed in the chemical, metallurgical, pharmaceutical, and food processing industries are granular in nature. This book describes the theories for granular flow based mainly on continuum models although alternative discrete models are also discussed briefly. The level is appropriate for advanced undergraduates or beginning graduate students. The goal is to inform the reader about observed phenomena, some available models, and their shortcomings and to visit some issues that remain unresolved. There is a selection of problems at the end of the chapters to encourage exploration, and extensive references are provided.
Preface 1. Introduction 2. Theory of isolated droplet vaporization, heating 3. Multicomponent liquid droplets 4. Droplet arrays and groups 5. Spray equations 6. Computational issues 7. Spray applications 8. Droplet interactions with turbulence and vortical structures 9. Droplet behavior at near critical, transcritical, and supercritical conditions Nomenclature References Appendices Index.
This liquid modern world of ours, like all liquids, cannot stand still and keep its shape for long. Everything keeps changing - the fashions we follow, the events that intermittently catch our attention, the things we dream of and things we fear. And we, the inhabitants of this world in flux, feel the need to adjust to its tempo by being ‘flexible' and constantly ready to change. We want to know what is going on and what is likely to happen, but what we get is an avalanche of information that threatens to overwhelm us. How are we to sift the information that really matters from the heaps of useless and irrelevant rubbish? How are we to derive meaningful messages from senseless noise? We face the daunting task of trying to distinguish the important from the insubstantial, distil the things that matter from false alarms and flashes in the pan. Nothing escapes scrutiny so stubbornly as the ordinary things of everyday life, hiding in the light of deceptive and misleading familiarity. To turn them into objects of attention and scrutiny, they must first be torn out from that daily routine: the apparently familiar must be made strange. This is precisely what Zygmunt Bauman seeks to do in these 44 letters: each tells a story drawn from ordinary lives, but tells it in order to reveal an extraordinariness that we might otherwise overlook. Arresting, revealing, disconcerting, these snapshots of life by the most brilliant analyst of our liquid modern world will appeal to a wide readership.
Introduction to extraction theory, Petros Tzias solid-liquid extraction, Jose Miguel Aguilera supercritical fluid extraction in food engineering, Nurhan Turgut Dunford, Jerry W. King, and Gary R. List extraction systems, Rudolph Eggers and Ph. T.Jaeger optimization methods, Constantina Tzia fats and oils from plant materials, L. Xu and Levente L. Diosady proteins from plant materials, L. Xu and Levente L. Diosady sugars and carbohydrates, Pascal Christodoulou flavour and aroma substances,Youn-Woo Lee and Youn Yong Lee extraction of natural antioxidants, Vassiliki Oreopoulou extraction of alkaloids from natural plants using supercritical fluids, Marleny D.A. Saldana and Rahoma S. Mohamed removal of cholesterol from food products usingsupercritical fluids, Rahoma S. Mohamed, Marleny D.A. Saldana, Alvaro B. de Azevedo and Uiram Kopcak solvent extraction - safety, health and environmental issues, Phillip J. Wakelyn and Peter J. Wan.
Ionic Liquids UnCOILed presents decisively important reviews on new processes and recent developments in ionic liquid technology with an emphasis on commercial applications in which ionic liquids are replacing, or may replace, processes currently using conventional solvents. Ranging from applied to theoretical, synthetic to analytical, and biotechnological to electrochemical, the book features eleven chapters written by an international group of key academic and industrial chemists, exercising the judicious evaluation which they are uniquely qualified to do. This book is a must for R&D chemists in industrial, governmental and academic laboratories, and for commercial developers of environmentally-friendly, sustainable processes.
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