The evolution and utilization of estuarine and coastal regions are greatly restricted by sediment problems. This thesis aims to better understand fine sediment transport under combined action of waves and currents, especially in the wave-current bottom boundary layer (BBL). Field observations, experimental data analysis, theoretical analysis and numerical models are employed. Silt-dominated sediments are sensitive to flow dynamics and the suspended sediment concentration (SSC) increase rapidly under strong flow dynamics. This research unveils several fundamental aspects of silty sediment, i.e., the criterion of the incipient motion, the SSC profiles and their time-averaged parameterization in wave-dominated conditions. An expression for sediment incipient motion is proposed for silt-sand sediment under combined wave and current conditions. A process based intra-wave 1DV model for flow-sediment dynamics near the bed is developed in combined wave-current conditions. The high concentration layer (HCL) was simulated and sensitivity analysis was carried out by the 1DV model on factors that impact the SSC in the HCL.Finally, based on the 1DV model, the formulations of the mean SSC profile of silt-sand sediments in wave conditions were proposed. The developed approaches are expected to be applied in engineering practice and further simulation.
Based on his over forty years of research and teaching, John C. Wyngaard's textbook is an excellent up-to-date introduction to turbulence in the atmosphere and in engineering flows for advanced students, and a reference work for researchers in the atmospheric sciences. Part I introduces the concepts and equations of turbulence. It includes a rigorous introduction to the principal types of numerical modeling of turbulent flows. Part II describes turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer. Part III covers the foundations of the statistical representation of turbulence and includes illustrative examples of stochastic problems that can be solved analytically. The book treats atmospheric and engineering turbulence in a unified way, gives clear explanation of the fundamental concepts of modeling turbulence, and has an up-to-date treatment of turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer. Student exercises are included at the ends of chapters, and worked solutions are available online for use by course instructors.
Using a plethora of hitherto unused and under-utilized sources from the Ottoman, British and Iranian archives, Ottoman-Iranian Borderlands traces seven decades of intermittent work by Russian, British, Ottoman and Iranian technical and diplomatic teams to turn an ill-defined and highly porous area into an internationally recognized boundary. By examining the process of boundary negotiation by the international commissioners and their interactions with the borderland peoples they encountered, the book tells the story of how the Muslim world's oldest borderland was transformed into a bordered land. It details how the borderland peoples, whose habitat straddled the frontier, responded to those processes as well as to the ideas and institutions that accompanied their implementation. It shows that the making of the boundary played a significant role in shaping Ottoman-Iranian relations and in the identity and citizenship choices of the borderland peoples.
As migration is described as a problem, mobility is seen as a goal. In a 'Europe without Borders', a plaitself on multiculturalism while struggling with racism, two opposing paradigms characterise contemporary discussions surrounding migrants. Breaching Borders: Art, Migrants and the Metaphor of Waste aims to interrogate the familiar debates, evolving new textual and interdisciplinary approaches to European cultural policies and unmasking the assumptions of the essentialist identity politics that go undeclared at the borders of cultural discourse. Twelve leading figures in post-colonial and translation studies, political philosophy, art, radical aesthetics, policy-making and sociology, reflect on the political and cultural meanings of migration; their arguments framed by artworks that provide glimpses of cross-cultural encounters. Essays - including a meditation on "wasted lives" by internationally renowned academic Zygmunt Bauman - explore the challenges of migration, history and integration and attempt to develop radical new figurations of migrant identity, underlining the necessity of an imaginative reach towards "The Other".Thtogether the roles of translation and of art in the central metaphor of waste - the trail of rubbiby mechanisms of mobility; the excised narratives of wasted identities and people.
1. Introduction John K. Harvey and Holger Babinsky 2. Physical introduction Jean Delery 3. Transonic shock wave boundary layer interactions Holger Babinsky and Jean Delery 4. Ideal gas shock wave turbulent boundary layer interactions in supersonic flows and their modeling - two dimensional interactions Alexander A. Zheltovodov and Doyle D. Knight 5. Ideal gas shock wave turbulent boundary layer interactions in supersonic flows and their modeling - three dimensional interactions Doyle D. Knight and Alexander A. Zheltovodov 6. Experimental studies of shock wave/boundary layer interactions in hypersonic flows Michael S. Holden 7. Numerical simulation of hypersonic shock wave boundary layer interactions Graham V. Candler 8. Shock wave/boundary layer interactions taking place in hypersonic flows John K. Harvey 9. Shock wave unsteadiness in turbulent shock wave boundary layer interactions P. Dupont, J. F. Debieve and J. P. Dussauge 10. Analytical treatment of shock/boundary layer interactions George Inger.
Foreword Alexandre J. Chorin Preface Introduction 1. Idealized continuous media: the basic concepts 2. Dimensional analysis and physical similitude 3. The ideal incompressible fluid approximation. General concepts and relations 4. The ideal incompressible fluid approximation. Analysis and applications 5. The approximation of a linear elastic solid. Basic equations and boundary value problems of linear theory of elasticity 6. Approximation of a linear elastic body. Applications: brittle and quasi-brittle fracture, strength of structures 7. The approximation of Newtonian viscous fluids: general comments and basic relations 8. Approximation of a Newtonian viscous fluid: the boundary layer 9. Advanced similarity methods: complete and incomplete similarity 10. The ideal gas approximation. Sound waves. Shock waves 11. Turbulence. Generalities. Scaling laws for shear flows 12. Turbulence. Mathematical models of turbulent shear flows and of the local structure of turbulent flows at very large Reynolds numbers Bibliography Index.
The author argues that, after five decades of debate about the interactive of solar wind with the magnetosphere, it is time to get back to basics. Starting with Newton's law, this book also examines Maxwell's equations and subsidiary equations such as continuity, constitutive relations and the Lorentz transformation; Helmholtz' theorem, and Poynting's theorem, among other methods for understanding this interaction. It includes chapters on prompt particle acceleration to high energies, plasma transfer event, and the low latitude boundary layer. More than 200 figures illustrate the text. It includes a color insert.
The dynamical projectors method proves to reduce a multicomponent problem to the simplest one-component problem with its solution determined by specific initial or boundary conditions. Its universality and application in many different physical problems make it particularly useful in hydrodynamics, electrodynamics, plasma physics, and boundary layer problems. A great variety of underlying mechanisms are included making this book useful for those working in wave theory, hydrodynamics, electromagnetism, and applications.
Modeling of Functionally Graded Materials and Structures Effective Material Properties of FGMs Reddy's Higher Order Shear Deformation Plate Theory Generalized Karman-Type Nonlinear Equations Nonlinear Bending of Shear Deformable FGM Plates Nonlinear Bending of FGM Plates under Mechanical Loads in Thermal Environments Nonlinear Thermal Bending of FGM Plates due to Heat Conduction Postbuckling of Shear Deformable FGM Plates Postbuckling of FGM Plates with Piezoelectric Actuators under Thermoelectromechanical Loads Thermal Postbuckling Behavior of FGM Plates with Piezoelectric Actuators Postbuckling of Sandwich Plates with FGM Face Sheets in Thermal Environments Nonlinear Vibration of Shear Deformable FGM Plates Nonlinear Vibration of FGM Plates in Thermal Environments Nonlinear Vibration of FGM Plates with Piezoelectric Actuators in Thermal Environments Vibration of Postbuckled Sandwich Plates with FGM Face Sheets in Thermal Environments Postbuckling of Shear Deformable FGM Shells Boundary Layer Theory for the Buckling of FGM Cylindrical Shells Postbuckling Behavior of FGM Cylindrical Shells under Axial Compression Postbuckling Behavior of FGM Cylindrical Shells under External Pressure Postbuckling Behavior of FGM Cylindrical Shells under Torsion Thermal Postbuckling Behavior of FGM Cylindrical Shells Appendices
Gasdynamic Model and Equations Outline of the Gasdynamic Model Basic Equations and Postulates Equations of State Kinetic Theory Second Law of Thermodynamics Speed of Sound Integral Equations of Motion Kinematics of Fluid Media Differential Equations of Gasdynamics Rheological Model Initial and Boundary Conditions Similarity and Modeling in Gasdynamics Euler Equations Navier-Stokes Equations Turbulent Flows Viscous and Inviscid Flow Models Inviscid Gasdynamics Stream Function, Potential, and Vortex Integrals of Gasdynamic Equations One-Dimensional Stationary Flows Linear Equations of Gas Dynamics Sound Wave Propagation Nonlinear Effects Steady Flow Past Thin Bodies Thin Bodies in Supersonic Flow Subsonic Flow Past Thin Bodies Flow around Cylinder and Sphere Stagnation Points and Singular Lines Forces in Subsonic Flows Aerodynamic Characteristics Accelerated Motion of Bodies Shock Waves Introduction: Formulation of Problems Shock Wave Structure Normal Shocks in Perfect Gases Shock Waves in Normal Gases Oblique Shocks Losses across Shock Waves Piston and Wedge Problems Theory of Characteristics Formulation of the Problem One-dimensional Unsteady Flows Steady-state two-dimensional Flows Three-dimensional Flows Simple Waves Expansion and Compression Waves Disturbances in Non-uniform Media Interaction of Sound and Shock Waves Breakdown of an Arbitrary Discontinuity Disturbances in Thin Layers Shock Front Equation Waves in Anomalous Media Mixed, Subsonic-supersonic Flows Formation of Mixed Flows Von Karman and Chaplygin Equations Formulation of Gasdynamic Problems Supersonic Flow Past Blunt Bodies Nozzle and Jet Flows Subsonic Flow Past a Convex Corner Disturbance/Subsonic Region Interaction Existence of steady-state solutions Self-similar Solutions Basic Concepts Cone in Incompressible Flow Transonic Problems Cone in Supersonic Flow Conical Flows Cone at Incidence Delta Wing in a Supersonic Flow Strong Blast Blast in Real Gases Self-similar Dissipative Flows Flows with Strong Shocks Hypersonic Stabilization Busemann and Newton formulas Blunt Bodies Aerodynamic Characteristics Free Layer Piston Problem Truncation Series Method Flow in the Near-Axis Region Variable-Density Flow Thin Shock Layers Flow around Conical Bodies Counter Jet Degenerate Shock Layer Equations Thin Sharp Bodies in Hypersonic Flow Nonlinear Theory Time-dependent Analogy Integral Conservation Laws Similarity Law Flow around Thin Bodies Thin Bodies at High Incidence Time-dependent Flows Flows Past Thin Blunt Bodies General Flow Pattern Similarity Law and Blast Analogy Real Gas Effects Flow Past Blunt Cones Bodies of Revolution at Incidence Wings with Blunt Edges Wings with Blunt Noses 3-D Vortex Flows Nonunifrom Flow Past a Cylinder Relaxing Gas Models Formulation of the Problem Basic Postulates Equations of State for Gas Mixtures Limiting Flow Regimes Gas Composition and Basic Reactions Entropy and Equilibrium Conditions Boltzmann Distribution Equilibrium Reactions and Composition Reaction Rates Relaxation of Complex Systems Relaxation-reaction Interaction Relaxation of the Electron Temperature Conclusion Nonequilibrium gas flows Equations of Nonequilibrium Flows Limiting Flow Regimes Limiting speeds of sound Disturbances in Nonequilibrium Gases Shock Waves and Relaxation Zones Short Waves Viscosity-relaxation Analogy Stationary Waves in Relaxing Media The Law of Binary Similarity Nonequilibrium flows Past Bodies Nozzle and Jet Flows Thermal Rarefaction Waves Sublimation Waves Viscous Flows and Boundary Layers Equations for Viscous Flows Exact Solutions Parabolized Navier-Stokes Equations Boundary Layer on a Flat Plate Parabolization of the Equations Boundary Layer in a Compressible Gas Models of Turbulent Flows Boundary Layer on Blunt Bodies Viscous-inviscid Interaction Boundary Layer in a Nonunifrom Flow Method of Mass-average Parameters Boundary Layer on Thin Sharp Bodies Entropy Effect on Blunt Bodies Flows in Viscous Layers Three-dimensional Boundary Layer Viscous Flows of Multicomponent Gases Nonequilibrium Dissipative Flows Nonequilibrium Boundary and Viscous Layers Transport Coefficients of Individual Components Radiating gasdynamics Physics of Gas Radiation Radiating and Absorbing Jets Flows of Intensely Radiating Gases Nonequilibrium Radiating Gases Bibliography
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