Consider that the people I tell of in the Egypt of Illinois and their neighbor fellow fighters, a pastoral folk, strong in religious faith, Simple in life, vigorous Of mind and body, through toil and trouble, left, as they supposed, rich heritage for their descendants. If we have not all they builded it is not their fault. It is well to think over such matters; it ought to teach a lesson. Likely, too, I do this, to keep myself in mind as much as may be, when I shall be gathered to my fathers. N 0 one likes the idea Of sleeping in for gotten grave. Those dead of whom I' write, abhorred with all mankind the notion Of Oblivion — being forgotten and as if they never lived. NO doubt it would have pleased much any Of those dead ancestors Of whom I am to Speak to have known in life (if possible) that in 1915 a descendant Should write the name, as, Enoch, or James, or John, Polly, or Betsy, — in kindly remembrance. One would rather be abused than forgotten. The longing for immortality on the earth, among kin and people — to be remembered and Spoken and written Of — is universal. There is a kind Of immortality in the recollection one leaves in the memory Of man. Myself, I gloom a bit, in the thought that with brief lapse I will be as a watch in the night — forgotten, and as if never born.
Chair's Introduction (R. Goldman). Nuclear lamins: building blocks of nuclear structure and function (R. Goldman, et al.). Aspects of nuclear envelope dynamics in mitotic cells (B. Burke, et al.). Components of the nuclear envelope and their role in human disease (H. Worman). Nuclear membrane protein emerin: roles in gene regulation, actin dynamics and human disease (K. Wilson, et al.). Identification of novel integral membrane proteins of the nuclear envelope with potential disease links using subtractive proteomics (E. Schirmer, et al.). Genetics of laminopathies (R. Ben Yaou, et al.). Muscular dystrophies related to the cytoskeleton/nuclear envelope (K. Nowak, et al.). Skeletal and cardiac muscle defects in a murine model of Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (M. Grattan, et al.). Multiple pathways tether telomeres and silent chromatin at the nuclear periphery: functional implications for Sir-mediated repression (A. Taddei, et al.). A-type lamin-linked lipodystrophies (C. Vigouroux and J. Capeau). Cytoskeletal defects in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (motor neuron disease) (J. Julien, et al.). LMNA mutations in progeroid syndromes (S. Huang, et al.). A genetic approach to study the role of nuclear envelope components in nuclear positioning (D. Starr and M. Han). General Discussion I. A lamin-dependent pathway that regulates nuclear organization, cell cycle progression and germ cell development (A. Margalit, et al.). Mutations in the mouse Lmna gene causing progeria, muscular dystrophy and cardiomyopathy (S. Kozlov, et al.). The nuclear membrane and mechanotransduction: impaired nuclear mechanics and mechanotransduction in lamin A/C-deficient cells (J. Lammerding and R. Lee). Chair's summing up (R. Goldman). Index of contributors. Subject index.
Foreword. Preface. Contributors. Part I Concepts and Methods in Bacterial Population Genetics. 1 The Coalescent of Bacterial Populations. 1.1 Background and Motivation. 1.2 Population Reproduction Models. 1.3 Time and the Effective Population Size. 1.4 The Genealogy of a Sample of Size n. 1.5 From Coalescent Time to Real Time. 1.6 Mutations. 1.7 Demography. 1.8 Recombination and Gene Conversion. 1.9 Summary. 2 Linkage, Selection, and the Clonal Complex. 2.1 Introduction Historical Overview. 2.2 Recombination, Linkage, and Substructure. 2.3 Neutrality versus Selection. 2.4 Clustering Techniques. 3 Sequence-Based Analysis of Bacterial Population Structures. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Alignments. 3.3 Phylogenetic Methods. 3.4 Measures of Uncertainty. 3.5 Beyond the Tree Model. 4 Genetic Recombination and Bacterial Population Structure. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Constraints on LGT. 4.3 Infl uences of LGT on Sequence Analyses. 4.4 The Detection of Individual LGT Events. 4.5 The Estimation of Homologous Recombination Rates. 4.6 Properly Accounting for LGT During Sequence Analyses. 4.7 Questions Relating Directly to LGT. 5 Statistical Methods for Detecting the Presence of Natural Selection in Bacterial Populations. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Natural Selection. 5.3 Statistical Methods for Detecting the Presence of Natural Selection. 5.4 Statistical Methods for Bacterial Populations. 5.5 An Example. 5.6 Discussion and Perspective. 6 Demographic Infl uences on Bacterial Population Structure. 6.1 Bacterial Population Size. 6.2 Measures of Genetic Diversity. 6.3 The Concept of Effective Population Size. 6.4 Inferring Past Demography from Genetic Sequence Data. 6.5 Population Subdivision. 6.6 What is a Bacterial Population? 6.7 Conclusion. 7 Population Genomics of Bacteria. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Classical Bacterial Population Genetics. 7.3 The Genomics Era. 7.4 Bacterial Population Genomics. 7.5 Next-Gen Bacterial Population Genomics. 7.6 Next-Gen Genomics Technology. 7.7 Next-Gen Genomic Data Analysis. 7.8 Conclusions/Future Prospects. 8 The Use of MLVA and SNP Analysis to Study the Population Genetics of Pathogenic Bacteria. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 MLVA and Other DNA Fragment-Based Methods. 8.3 SNP and DNA Sequence-Based Methods. 8.4 Conclusion. Part II Population Genetics of Select Bacterial Pathogens. 9 Population Genetics of Bacillus: Phylogeography of Anthrax in North America. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 History of Anthrax in North America. 9.3 The Anthrax Districts after 1944. 9.4 Molecular Genotyping of B. anthracis. 9.5 Genotypes within the Anthrax Districts in North America. 9.6 Phylogenetic Resolution within the WNA Lineage. 9.7 Phylogeographic Resolution within the Ames Lineage. 9.8 Additional B. anthracis Genotypes in North America. 9.9 Conclusions. 10 Population Genetics of Campylobacter. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Human Infection. 10.3 Genetic Structure. 10.4 Models of Campylobacter Evolution. 10.5 Clades and Species. 10.6 Conclusion. 11 Population Genetics of Enterococcus. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Antibiotic Resistance. 11.3 Vancomycin Resistance. 11.4 VRE: A Zoonosis or Not? 11.5 Population Structure and Genetic Evolution: Similarities and Differences Between E. faecium and E. faecalis. 11.6 What Is Driving GD in E. faecium and E. faecalis? 11.7 The Accessory Genome of E. faecium and E. faecalis. 11.8 Summary, Conclusions, and Future Perspectives. 12 Population Biology of Lyme Borreliosis Spirochetes. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Genome Organization of LB Spirochetes. 12.3 Genotyping of LB Spirochetes and Phylogenetic Tools. 12.4 Population Biology and Evolution of LB Spirochetes. 12.5 Do LB Species Exist? 12.6 Future Research Avenues. 13 Population Genetics of Neisseria meningitidis. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 A Brief History of Typing of Meningococci. 13.3 Species Separation. 13.4 Sampling Strategies. 13.5 The Clonal Complexes of Meningococci. 13.6 Forces Shaping the Meningococcal Metalineage. 13.7 Virulence, a Mysterious Trait. 13.8 Population Effect of Meningococcal Vaccines. 13.9 Antibiotic Resistance and Meningococcal Lineages. 13.10 Concluding Remarks. 14 Population Genetics of Pathogenic Escherichia coli. 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 E. coli Population Genetics: Clonal or not Clonal? 14.3 The E. coli Phylogenetic Structure. 14.4 The Evolutionary History of a Host-Specifi c Obligate Pathogen: The Shigella and EIEC Case Study. 14.5 What Makes You an Opportunistic Pathogen? 14.6 The Virulence Resistance Trade-off. 14.7 Concluding Remarks. 15 Population Genetics of Salmonella: Selection for Antigenic Diversity. 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Generation Timescale Diversifi cation. 15.3 Antigenic Diversity in Salmonella. 15.4 Why Are Diverse H and O Antigens Maintained in Salmonella? 15.5 Conclusions. 16 Population Genetics of Staphylococcus. 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 Overview of The Staphylococcal Population Structure. 16.3 Staphylococcal Population Structure in Specific Disease Contexts. 16.4 Origin and Maintenance of Staphylococcal Genetic Variation. 16.5 Macroevolutionary Considerations and Concluding Remarks. Appendix 1 Diversity and Differentiation. 17 Population Genetics of Streptococcus. 17.1 Habitats, Transmission, and Disease. 17.2 Classical Strain Typing. 17.3 Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) Based on Housekeeping Genes. 17.4 Species Boundaries and Gene Flow. 17.5 Niche-driving Genes. 17.6 Bacterial Population Dynamics and Selection. 17.7 Machinery of Genetic Change, Revisited. 18 Population Genetics of Vibrios. 18.1 Introduction. 18.2 V. cholerae. 18.3 V. parahaemolyticus . 18.4 V. vulnificus. 18.5 Conclusions. References. Index.
This book brings together the knowledge from and tools for genetic and genomic research into oomycetes to help solve the problems this pathogen poses to crops and animals. Armed with the information presented here, researchers can use oomycete data to solve practical problems and gain insight into future areas of interest. Key Features: Offers an up-to-date coverage of research into oomycetes – which has advanced with biochemical and molecular analyses in recent years Helps researchers use oomycete data to solve practical problems, like damage to crop and animal resources Includes a section on interactions with animal hosts Offers perspective on future areas of research Assembles an international author base
Epigenetics pertains to the development of an organism from an undifferential cell, resulting in the successive formation and development of organs and parts that did not pre-exist in the fertilized egg. An exciting and stimulating volume which used the extensive knowledge of basic transcriptional control as a foundation to explore the more complex and interesting level at which genes can be regulated.
Chapter One: Biotechnology And Genomics In Medicine.Introduction.Recombinant DNA Technology.From Recombinant DNA To Molecular Medicine.Gene Medicine.Disease Models.The Impact Of Genomics On Medicine.The New Molecular Medicine.Outline Of This Book.Further Reading.Chapter Two: An Overview Of Genomics.Introduction.A Review Of Progress: The Human Genome Project.The Future: Functional Genomics.Mutational Genomics.Further Reading.Chapter Three: Genomics And The Challenge Of Infectious Disease.Microorganisms Causing Disease.Where Do New Diseases Come From?.Identifying The Causative Agent Of A Disease.Molecular Epidemiology.Host Resistance To Infection.Understanding Bacterial Pathogenicity.Comparative Genomics And Genome Plasticity.Combating Infectious Disease.Further Reading.Chapter Four: Analyzing And Treating Genetic Diseases.Genetic Disease In Context.Detecting Single Gene Disorders.Treating Single Gene Disorders.Finding Genes For Monogenic Diseases And Determining Gene Function.Analysis Of Polygenic Disorders.Haplotypes.The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC).Individual Responses To Drugs (Pharmacogenomics).Further Reading.Chapter Five: Diagnosis And Treatment Of Cancer.Introduction.The Impact Of Genomics On Cancer Research.New Methods For The Diagnosis Of Cancer.New Approaches To Cancer Therapy.Further Reading.Chapter Six: The Large Scale Production Of Biopharmaceuticals.Overview.The Generation Of Monoclonal Antibodies.The Large Scale Culture Of Microorganisms.The Large Scale Culture Of Animal Cells.Expression Systems.Downstream Processing.Using Gene Manipulation To Facilitate Downstream Processing. Of Biopharmaceuticals.The Quality Of Biopharmaceuticals.Good Manufacturing Practice.Alternative Production Systems.Further Reading.Chapter Seven: Genomics And The Development Of New Chemical Entities.Introduction. How Drugs Are Developed.High-Throughput Screening.Target Validation And Animal Models.Combinatorial Chemistry.Dynamic Combinatorial Libraries.Virtual Screening.Combinatorial Biosynthesis And Chemobiosynthesis.Drug Metabolism.Toxicogenomics.Further Reading.Chapter Eight: Gene And Cell Therapies.Introduction.Gene Therapy.Nucleic Acids As Drugs.DNA Vaccines.Disease Models.Cell Therapy.Further Reading.
1. General introduction Part I. Methodological Issues: 2. How the choice of experimental organism matters 3. Unification and coherence as methodological objectives in the biological sciences Part II. Evolution: 4. 'Adaptation' 5. The influence of the evolutionary paradigm 6. 'Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution' (Theodosius Dobzhansky) Part III. Genetics and Molecular Biology: 7. On conceptual change in biology 8. Technique, task definition, and the transition from genetics to molecular genetics 9. Too many kinds of genes Part IV. Development: 10. Lillie's paradox - or, some hazards of cellular geography 11. On conflicts between genetic and developmental viewpoints 12. Reconceiving animals and their evolution.
Preface to the second edition. Acknowledgements. Chapter 1 What is genetic variation? Deoxyribose nucleic acid. Ribose nucleic acid. What is the genetic code? Protein structure. So what about chromosomes? How does sexual reproduction produce variation? Mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA. Chapter 2 How can genetic variation be measured? DNA sequence variation. DNA fragment size variation. Protein variation. Phenotypic variation. Chapter 3 Genetic structure in natural populations. What is a population? How are allele frequencies estimated? What is the relationship between alleles and genotypes? How do allele frequencies change over time? How does population structure arise? How are genetic markers used to study population structure? Levels of genetic differentiation in aquatic organisms. Potential problems with allozymes and coding markers. mtDNA variation. Microsatellite variation. Population structure in the flat oyster. Mixed stock analysis (MSA). Chapter 4 Genetics of population size in conservation and aquaculture. Genetics of small population size in the wild. Genetic markers in conservation. Genetics of small population size in the hatchery. Is there evidence of loss of genetic variation in the hatchery? How does hatchery propagation affect heterozygosity? Genetic markers for identification of hatchery product. Genetic markers for pathogen identification. Chapter 5 Genetic variation of traits. Qualitative traits. Quantitative traits. What kinds of traits are important? Variation of a quantitative trait. How can we estimate narrow-sense heritability? Realised heritability. Correlated traits. What types of artificial selections are there?. Setting up a breeding programme. Inbreeding, cross-breeding and hybridisation. Current status of selective breeding programmes in aquaculture. Chapter 6 From genetics to genomics. What is the genome? Genome mapping. Whole genome sequencing: the 'big picture'. QTL mapping. Application of QTLs in aquaculture and fisheries management. Marker-assisted selection (MAS): from QTLs to genomic selection. Transcriptomics. Chapter 7 Triploids and beyond: why manipulate ploidy? How is it done? Production of gynogens and androgens. Identification of ploidy change. Value of Triploids. Tetraploids. Gynogens and androgens. Chapter 8 Genetic engineering in aquaculture. The DNA construct. Transgene delivery. Transgene integration. Detecting integration and expression of the transgene. Results of transgenesis efforts in fish. So much for transgenics what about cloning? Genethics. Glossary. Index. Colour plates.
Part I. J. B. S. Haldane: 1. Haldane's ideas in biology with special reference to disease and evolution James F. Crow 2. JBS Haldane and the malaria hypothesis D. J. Weatherall Part II. malarial parasites: 3. Evolutionary genetics of Plasmodium Falciparum, the agent of malignant malaria Stephen M. Rich and Francisco J. Ayala 4. Evolutionary biology of malaria parasites Ananias A. Escalante and Altaf A. Lal 5. G6PD deficiency and malarial resistance in humans: insights from evolutionary genetic analyses Sara A. Tishkoff and Brian C. Verrelli 6. The enigma of vivax malaria and erythrocyte duffy-negativity Peter A. Zimmerman Part III. Other Parasites: 7. Influenza evolution Robin M. Bush and Nancy J. Cox 8. Free-living to free-wheeling: the evolution of Vibrio cholerae from innocence to infamy Rita R. Colwell, Shah M. Faruque and G. Balakrish Nair 9. Evolutionary dynamics of Daphnia and their microparasites Tom Little and Dieter Ebert 10. Human susceptibility to visceral Leishmaniasis (Leishmania donovani) and to Schistosomiasis (Schistosoma mansoni) is controlled by major genetic loci A. Dessein, B. Bucheton, L. Argiro, N. M. A. Elwali, V. Rodrigues, C. Chevillard, S. Marquet, Helia Dessein, S. H. El-Safi and L. Abel Part IV. Genetic and Evolutionary Considerations: 11. The evolution of pathogen virulence in response to animal and public health interventions Andrew F. Read, Sylvain Gandon, Sean Nee and Margaret J. Mackinnon 12. Infection and the diversity of regulatory DNA Lindsay G. Cowell, N. Avrion Mitchison and Brigitte Muller 13. Genetic epidemiology of infectious diseases: the first half century Newton E. Morton 14. The impact of human genetic diversity in the transmission and severity of infectious diseases Michel Tibayrenc 15. Evolution and the etiology of diabetes mellitus Kyle D. Cochran and Gregory M. Cochran 16. The future of human evolution Luca Cavalli-Sforza.
Genes and Common Diseases presents an up-to-date view of the role of genetics in modern medicine, reflecting the strengths and limitations of a genetic perspective. The current shift in emphasis from the study of rare single gene disorders to common diseases brings genetics into every aspect of modern medicine, from infectious diseases to therapeutics. However, it is unclear whether this increasingly genetic focus will prove useful in the face of major environmental influences in many common diseases. The book takes a hard and self-critical look at what can and cannot be achieved using a genetic approach and what is known about genetic and environmental mechanisms in a variety of common diseases. It seeks to clarify the goals of human genetic research by providing state-of-the art insights into known molecular mechanisms underlying common disease processes while at the same time providing a realistic overview of the expected genetic and physiological complexity.
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