It has happened with this subject as with many others, that similar ideas have independently pre sented themselves to different minds about the same period. In 'leibig and Wohler's Annalen' for May a paper appeared by M. Mayer which I had not read when my third edition was published, but which I have now read in the translation by Mr. Youmans of New York. It deduces very much the same conclusions to which I had been led, the author starting partly from d priori reasoning and partly from an experiment by which water was heated by agitation, and from another, which had, however, previously been made by Davy, viz. That ice can be melted by friction, though kept in a medium which is below the freezing point of water. In 1843 a paper by Mr. Joule on the mechanical equivalent of heat appeared, which, though not in terms touching on the mutual and necessary dependence of all the Physical Forces, yet bears most importantly upon the doctrine.
With the aim of developing a fast and accurate computer code for predicting the aerodynamic forces needed for a flutter analysis, some basic concepts in computational transonics are reviewed. The unsteady transonic flow past airfoils in rigid body motion is adequately described by the potential flow equation as long as the boundary layer remains attached. The two dimensional unsteady transonic potential flow equation in quasilinear form with first order radiation boundary conditions is solved by an alternating direction implicit scheme in an airfoil attached sheared parabolic coordinate system. Numerical experiments show that the scheme is very stable and is able to resolve the higher nonlinear transonic effects for filter analysis within the context of an inviscid theory.
Very few polymer mechanics problems are solved with only pen and paper today, and virtually all academic research and industrial work relies heavily on finite element simulations and specialized computer software. Introducing and demonstrating the utility of computational tools and simulations, Mechanics of Solid Polymers provides a modern view of how solid polymers behave, how they can be experimentally characterized, and how to predict their behavior in different load environments. Reflecting the significant progress made in the understanding of polymer behaviour over the last two decades, this book will discuss recent developments and compare them to classical theories. The book shows how best to make use of commercially available finite element software to solve polymer mechanics problems, introducing readers to the current state of the art in predicting failure using a combination of experiment and computational techniques. Case studies and example Matlab code are also included. As industry and academia are increasingly reliant on advanced computational mechanics software to implement sophisticated constitutive models - and authoritative information is hard to find in one place - this book provides engineers with what they need to know to make best use of the technology available. * Helps professionals deploy the latest experimental polymer testing methods to assess suitability for applications* Discusses material models for different polymer types* Shows how to best make use of available finite element software to model polymer behaviour, and includes case studies and example code to help engineers and researchers apply it to their work
Preface. 1. Introduction. 1.1 Potential of Nanoscale Engineering. 1.2 Motivation for Multiple Scale Modeling. 1.3 Educational Approach. 2. Classical Molecular Dynamics. 2.1 Mechanics of a System of Particles. 2.2 Molecular Forces. 2.3 Molecular Dynamics Applications. 3. Lattice Mechanics. 3.1 Elements of Lattice Symmetries. 3.2 Equation of Motion of a Regular Lattice. 3.3 Transforms. 3.4 Standing Waves in Lattices. 3.5 Green's Function Methods. 3.6 Quasistatic Approximation. 4. Methods of Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics. 4.1 Basic Results of the Thermodynamic Method. 4.2 Statistics of Multiparticle Systems in Thermodynamic Equilibrium. 4.3 Numerical Heat Bath Techniques. 5. Introduction to Multiple Scale Modeling. 5.1 MAAD. 5.2 Coarse Grained Molecular Dynamics. 5.3 Quasicontinuum Method. 5.4 CADD. 5.5 Bridging Domain. 6. Introduction to Bridging Scale. 6.1 Bridging Scale Fundamentals. 6.2 Removing Fine Scale Degrees of Freedom in Coarse Scale Region. 3D Generalization. 6.3 Discussion on the Damping Kernel Technique. 6.4 Cauchy-Born Rule. 6.5 Virtual Atom Cluster Method. 6.6 Staggered Time Integration Algorithm. 6.7 Summary of Bridging Scale Equations. 6.8 Discussion on the Bridging Scale Method. 7. Bridging Scale Numerical Examples. 7.1 Comments On Time History Kernel. 7.4 Two-Dimensional Wave Propagation. 7.5 Dynamic Crack Propagation in Two Dimensions. 7.6 Dynamic Crack Propagation in Three Dimensions. 7.7 Virtual Atom Cluster Numerical Examples. 8. Non-Nearest Neighbor MD Boundary Condition. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Theoretical Formulation in 3D. 8.3 Numerical Examples - 1D Wave Propagation. 8.4 Time History Kernels for FCC Gold. 8.5 Conclusion on the Bridging Scale Method. 9. Multiscale Methods for Material Design. 9.1 Multiresolution Continuum Analysis. 9.2 Multiscale Constitutive Modeling of Steels. 9.3 Bio-Inspired Materials. 9.4 Summary and Future Research Directions. 10. Bio-Nano Interface. 10.3 Vascular Flow and Blood Rheology. 10.4 Electrohydrodynamic Coupling. 10.5 CNT/DNA Assembly Simulation. 10.6 Cell Migration and Cell-Substrate Adhesion. 10.7 Conclusions. Appendix A: Kernel Matrices for EAM Potential. Bibliography. Index.
Modelling and predicting how porous media deform when subjected to external actions and physical phenomena, including the effect of saturating fluids, are of importance to the understanding of geophysics and civil engineering (including soil and rock mechanics and petroleum engineering), as well as in newer areas such as biomechanics and agricultural engineering. Starting from the highly successful First Edition, Coussy has completely re-written Mechanics of Porous Continua/Poromechanics to include: New material for: Partially saturated porous media Reactive porous media Macroscopic electrical effects A single theoretical framework to the subject to explain the interdisciplinary nature of the subject Exercises at the end of each chapter to aid understanding The unified approach taken by this text makes it a valuable addition to the bookshelf of every PhD student and researcher in civil engineering, petroleum engineering, geophysics, biomechanics and material science.
Wetting Theory discusses the numerous practical applications of wetting, such as preparing self-cleaning surfaces, manufacturing artificial blood vessels, and developing new lubricants and nonadhesive dishes. As part of Wetting: Theory and Experiments, Two-Volume Set, this volume provides new, critical insights into the theory of wetting. Chapters are arranged to allow readers to follow the development of a suggested approach (static and dynamic properties of wetting) and how these tools are applied to specific problems. Main attention is given to nanoscale wetting (nanodrops on solid surfaces, liquid in the nanoslit) on the basis of microscopic density functional theory and fluid dynamics on solid surfaces on the basis of hydrodynamic equations. Aimed at engineers, physical scientists, and materials scientists, this volume addresses the key areas of wetting, providing invaluable insights to the field.
The importance of economical production of agricultural materials, especially crops and animal products serving as base materials for foodstuffs, and of their technological processing (mechanical operations, storage, handling etc.) is ever-increasing. During technological processes agricultural materials may be exposed to various mechanical, thermal, electrical, optical and acoustical (e.g. ultrasonic) effects. To ensure optimal design of such processes, the interactions between biological materials and the physical effects acting on them, as well as the general laws governing the same, must be known.The mechanics of agricultural materials, as a scientific discipline, is still being developed, and therefore has no exact methods as yet, in many cases. However, the methods developed so far can already be utilized successfully for designing and optimizing machines and technological processes.This present work is the first attempt to summarize the calculation methods developed in the main fields of agricultural mechanics, and to indicate the material laws involved on the basis of a unified approach, with all relevant physico-mechanical properties taken into account.The book deals with material properties, gives the necessary theoretical background for description of the mechanical behaviour of these materials including modern powerful calculation methods and finally discusses a large number of experimental results. Many of them can only be found in this book. Special attention is paid to the unified approach concerning theory and practice.The systematic treatment of the material makes the book useful to a wide circle of designers, researchers and students in the field of agricultural engineering. The book can also be used as a textbook at technical and agricultural universities.
Foreword 1 The Strange World of Porous Solids 2 Fluid Mixtures 2.1 Chemical potential 2.2 Gibbs-Duhem Equality 2.3 Ideal Mixtures 2.4 Regular Solutions 3 The Deformable Porous Solid 3.1 Strain 3.2 Stress 3.3 Strain Work 3.4 From Solids to Porous Solids 4 The Saturated Poroelastic Solid 4.1 The Poroelastic Solid 4.2 Filling the Porous Solid 4.3 The Thermoporoelastic Solid 4.4 The Poroviscoelastic Solid 5 Fluid Transport and Deformation 5.1 Transport Laws 5.2 Coupling the Deformation and the Flow 5.3 Consolidation of a Soil Layer 6 Surface Energy and Capillarity 6.1 Physics and Mechanics of Interfaces 6.2 Capillarity in Porous Solids 6.3 Transport in Unsaturated Porous Solids 7 The Unsaturated Poroelastic Solid 7.1 Interface Stress as a Pre-Stress 7.2 Energy Balance for the Unsaturated Porous Solid 7.3 The Linear Unsaturated Poroelastic Solid 7.4 Extending Linear Unsaturated Poroelasticity 8 Uncon.ned Phase Transition 8.1 Chemical Potential and Phase Transition 8.2 Liquid-Vapor Transition 8.3 Liquid-Solid Transition 8.4 Gas bubble formation 8.5 Surface Energy and Phase Transition 9 Phase Transition in Porous Solids 9.1 In-Pore Phase Transition 9.2 Kinetics and Mechanics of Drying 9.3 Mechanics of Con.ned Crystallization 10 The Poroplastic Solid 10.1 Basic Concepts of Plasticity 10.2 From Plasticity to Poroplasticity 10.3 From material to structure 11 By Way of Conclusion
A Comprehensive and Self-Contained Treatment of the Theory and Practical Applications of Ceramic Materials When failure occurs in ceramic materials, it is often catastrophic, instantaneous, and total. Now in its Second Edition, this important book arms readers with a thorough and accurate understanding of the causes of these failures and how to design ceramics for failure avoidance. It systematically covers: Stress and strain Types of mechanical behavior Strength of defect-free solids Linear elastic fracture mechanics Measurements of elasticity, strength, and fracture toughness Subcritical crack propagation Toughening mechanisms in ceramics Effects of microstructure on toughness and strength Cyclic fatigue of ceramics Thermal stress and thermal shock in ceramics Fractography Dislocation and plastic deformation in ceramics Creep and superplasticity of ceramics Creep rupture at high temperatures and safe life design Hardness and wear And more While maintaining the first edition's reputation for being an indispensable professional resource, this new edition has been updated with sketches, explanations, figures, tables, summaries, and problem sets to make it more student-friendly as a textbook in undergraduate and graduate courses on the mechanical properties of ceramics.
Both naturally-occurring and man-made materials are often heterogeneous materials formed of various constituents with different properties and behaviours. Studies are usually carried out on volumes of materials that contain a large number of heterogeneities. Describing these media by using appropriate mathematical models to describe each constituent turns out to be an intractable problem. Instead they are generally investigated by using an equivalent macroscopic description - relative to the microscopic heterogeneity scale - which describes the overall behaviour of the media. Fundamental questions then arise: Is such an equivalent macroscopic description possible? What is the domain of validity of this macroscopic description? The homogenization technique provides complete and rigorous answers to these questions. This book aims to summarize the homogenization technique and its contribution to engineering sciences. Researchers, graduate students and engineers will find here a unified and concise presentation. The book is divided into four parts whose main topics are Introduction to the homogenization technique for periodic or random media, with emphasis on the physics involved in the mathematical process and the applications to real materials. Heat and mass transfers in porous media Newtonian fluid flow in rigid porous media under different regimes Quasi-statics and dynamics of saturated deformable porous media Each part is illustrated by numerical or analytical applications as well as comparison with the self-consistent approach.
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