Arboviruses have become significant causes of public health problems with potential for epidemics and unprecedented spread. Large epidemics have occurred and will continue to occur unless we remain extremely vigilant, respond promptly, and have more to offer than isolation and quarantine. Arboviral diseases include the West Nile virus, Yellow fever and dengue, among others. These viruses have caused wide-spread morbidity in sub-Saharan Africa as well as worldwide. The changing epidemiology of arboviruses, the changing virulence of arboviruses, increased vector population responsible for transmission of diseases, the growing population sizes and rapid urbanization cause changes in equilibrium of vectors and hosts, thus, increasing chances of outbreaks and epidemics. Therefore, a constant watch on the pattern of arboviral diseases through surveillance is inevitable. In this book, we present public health experiences from Zambia.
Smoking cigarettes starts during adolescence. Some adolescents may stop smoking cigarettes having taken it as an experiment during adolescence, but others may continue smoking into adulthood. Most adults who smoke started smoking during the adolescence stage and may have been already addicted to nicotine before the age of eighteen, resulting in long-term health consequences. This book compiles and documents smoking epidemiology and correlates of smoking in adolescents in various regions of the world. It aims to provide critical information that relates to the magnitude of the problem and who is affected in order for strategies to be identified and implemented. The issue is a concern of public health, since smoking affects people not only at the time the smoking habit begins, but because it has an influence on them for the rest of an individual’s life.
Suicidal ideation is a major problem among the youth population in both the developed and developing world, leading in 6% of the deaths among youths globally. In countries considered to have low suicidal behavioral issues such as the Americas, 5,000 suicides occur annually. The chapters in this book are based on an analysis of data from the most recent Global School-based Health Survey (GSHS). The GSHS has been conducted in over 86 countries in all of the World Health Organization’s regions. In this book, the authors aim to provide comparable data concerning the mental health of adolescents in 20 countries. The dependent variable used is suicidal ideation, while the independent factors include age, gender, food security, anxiety, loneliness, close friends, truancy, bullying, attachment, violence, smoking cigarettes or marijuana, alcohol abuse and parental understanding.
Measles is a disease of public health importance that is associated with high mortality and morbidity, particularly in developing countries. In recent years, widespread application of the measles vaccine among children has led to a decline in the morbidity and mortality attributed to measles. In the city of Gweru in Zimbabwe, research was carried on the epidemiology and control of measles. Due to these studies, a seven year multiple dose measles vaccination intervention was carried out in Gweru from 1990-1996. The results of this intervention played a significant role in the debate that led to the adoption of the WHO/UNICEF current policy to use multiple dose measles vaccination strategies to control measles in developing countries. One of the critical lessons that has arisen from the Gweru city measles operational research effort has been that fairly low cost, simple research makes a great difference in providing insight into the epidemiology and control of endemic disease conditions locally.
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