Empathy is the process that allows us to share the feelings and emotions of others, in the absence of any direct emotional stimulation to the self. Humans can feel empathy for other people in a wide array of contexts: for basic emotions and sensation such as anger, fear, sadness, joy, pain and lust as well as for more complex emotions such as guilt, embarrassment and love. It has been proposed that, for most people, empathy is the process that prevents us doing harm to others. Although empathy seems to be an automatic response of the brain to others’ emotional reactions, there are circumstances under which we do not share the same feeling as others. Imagine, for example, that someone who does the same job as you is paid twice as much. In this case, that person might be very satisfied with their extra salary, but you would not share this satisfaction. This case illustrates the ubiquitous feeling of fairness and justice. Our sense of fairness has also become the focus of modern economic theories. In contrast to the prominent self-interest hypothesis of classic economy assuming that all people are exclusively motivated by their self-interest, humans are also strongly motivated by other-regarding preferences such as the concern for fairness and reciprocity. The notion of fairness is not only crucial in personal interaction with others in the context of families, workplace or interactions with strangers, but also guides people’s behaviour in impersonal economic and political domains. This book brings together work from a wide range of disciplines to explain processes underlying empathy and fairness. The expert contributors approach the topic of empathy and fairness from different viewpoints, namely those of social cognitive neuroscience, developmental psychology, evolutionary anthropology, economics and neuropathology. The result is an interdisciplinary and unitary framework focused on the neuronal, developmental, evolutionary and psychological basis of empathy and fairness. With its extensive discussions and the high calibre of the participants, this important new book is essential reading for anyone with an interest in this topic.
This book explores existing and potential strategies for using the genome sequences of human, mouse, other vertebrates and human pathogens to solve key problems in the treatment of immunological diseases and chronic infections. The assembled genome sequences now provide important opportunities for solving these problems, but a major bottleneck is the identification of key sequences and circuits controlling the relevant immune reactions. This will require innovative, interdisciplinary and collaborative strategies of a scale and complexity we are only now beginning to comprehend. Specific problems addressed include the following: What kinds of information are we lacking to understand how the genome sequence specifies the differentiation and response of immune system cells, and system behaviour such as immunological memory and tolerance? Which genome sequences and cellular circuits cause or prevent pathological immune responses to foreign pathogens, allergens or self-tissues? Which host and pathogen genome sequences and cellular circuits explain the failure of sterilizing immune responses to sophisticated human pathogens such as the agents of tuberculosis, malaria, metazoan parasites and chronic viruses? Containing contributions from a range of leading experts in the field, this book provides an important new perspective for clinical immunologists and basic researchers alike.
This book features scientists from a broad spectrum of disciplines discussing recent data on aggression in laboratory animals with particular reference to possible implications for understanding human aggression. Chapters focus on the major current experimental issues in the study of aggression in humans and animals. The extensive discussions deal with specific problems of interpretation at the molecular level, as well as general issues relating to our understanding of human and animal aggression.
This book features contributions from experts in cell biology, genetics, neurobiology, immunology and structural biology. The unifying element is that they all study processes of cell shape change and motility. Several key questions in this field of research are discussed: What are the organising principles behind cell shape change? Are there ‘master switches’ present in every cell type? How are extracellular signals interpreted by the cell in order to activate intracellular mechanisms? What is the influence of the extracellular matrix on cell movement and internal signalling pathways? How do pathogens subvert cellular systems in order to stimulate or block their uptake? The book addresses all of these important questions. Data are presented on the key proteins that regulate cell shape: the GTP binding proteins of the Rho family. There are also extensive discussions of the potential applications of the data to clinical problems, particularly that of cell motility in cancer.
This title provides an extremely helpful analysis of genes that may be associated with autoimmunity, and answers questions such as how these genes can be identified, and how the functions of the gene products can be elucidated. Incorporating data on disease-associated chromosomal loci that has been accumulated from inbred mice, the title: descibes how some susceptibility loci may be common to many diseases, whereas others are relatively disease specific discusses the importance of developing criteria for establishing the significance of these different categories of disease-associated loci.
Understanding stem cells at the molecular level is essential to understanding their behaviour in a physiological context. This volume in our acclaimed Novartis Foundation series features animated discussion from the world’s experts in this topic on the important ethical issues that are raised by research on stem cells. They review the various regulatory regimes, which apply in different countries – a key factor in determining where future stem cell research is carried out. Potential clinical applications covered in the book include the production of cardiomyocytes to replace damaged heart tissue, the production of insulin-producing cells for patients with diabetes, and the generation of neurons for the treatment of patients with Parkinson’s disease or spinal cord injury. Particular attention is paid to the factors that maintain stem cells in a pluripotent state or which drive them to create differentiated and lineage-committed cells in vitro and in vivo. Nuclear reprogramming, the process by which a nucleus acquires developmental potential, is covered here as well. It is relevant to stem cell research generally, and also to research on the cloning of animals by nuclear transfer. This book is an essential purchase for all those engaged in stem cell research, whether in the laboratory, the clinic or the regulatory authorities. From the reviews: "...this book provides: a comprehensive overview of current issues in stem cell research, with contributions from leading figures..."—BRITISH SOCIETY OF CELL BIOLOGY
Introduction (Eric N. Olson). Control of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure by histone acetylation/deacetylation (Eric N. Olson, Johannes Backs and Timothy A. McKinsey) . Discussion. A novel mechanism of mechanical stress-induced hypertrophy (Hiroshi Akazawa, Yunzeng Zou and Issei Komuro) . Discussion. Controlling cardiomyocyte survival (N. de Jonge, M. J. Goumans, Daan Lips, Rutger Hassink, Eva J. Vlug, Roy van der Meel, Christopher Donald Emmerson, Joppe Nijman, Leon de Windt and Pieter A. Doevendans) . Discussion. Mechanisms of angiotensin II-dependent progression to heart failure (Mona Nemer, Nassim Dali-Youcef, Hao Wang, Anne Aries and Pierre Paradis) . Discussion. Alterations in myocardial gene expression as a basis for cardiomyopathies and heart failure (Matthew R. Taylor and Michael R. Bristow) . Discussion. Role of the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1)/phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway mediating physiological cardiac hypertrophy (Julie R. McMullen and Seigo Izumo). Discussion. Role of Akt in cardiac growth and metabolism(Anthony J. Muslin and Brian DeBosch). Discussion. Novel therapy for heart failure and exercise-induced ventricular tachycardia based on 'fixing' the leak in ryanodine receptors (Andrew R. Marks). Discussion. General discussion I. Phospholamban as a therapeutic modality in heart failure (Guoxiang Chu and Evangelia G. Kranias). Discussion. Sarcomere protein gene mutations and inherited heart disease: a b-cardiac myosin heavy chain mutation causing endocardial fibroelastosis and heart failure (Mitsuhiro Kamisago, Joachim P. Schmitt, Dennis McNamara, Christine Seidman and Jonathan G. Seidman). Discussion. The cardiomyocyte cell cycle (Pascal J. E. Lafontant and Loren J. Field). Discussion. Restoration of cardiac function with progenitor cells (Carmen Urbich, Lothar Rossig and Stefanie Dimmeler). Discussion. Signalling pathways in cardiac regeneration (Maria Paola Santini, Nadine Winn and Nadia Rosenthal). Discussion. Beyond small molecule drugs for heart failure: prospects for gene therapy (Kenneth R. Chien). Discussion. Dual roles of telomerase in cardiac protection and repair (Michael D. Schneider). Discussion. Final general discussion. Closing remarks: historical perspective (Arnold M. Katz). Index of contributors. Subject index.
Cigarette smoking is estimated to lead to 4.9 million premature deaths per year worldwide. This is predicted to rise to 10 million by 2020. In western countries it kills half of all smokers who fail to stop. The prevailing model for tobacco addiction is that nicotine from cigarettes rewards smoking and punishes abstinence, tapping into a motivational system of operant conditioning that requires no conscious awareness. However, there are also accounts which involve cognitive biases and the effect of nicotine on impulse control. The brain pathways involved have been studied extensively, but the role of different nicotine receptor subtypes and other neurotransmitter systems is still subject to debate. In western countries, cigarette smoking as an adult has a heritability of 30-50% and candidate genes have been identified that may contribute in part to addiction susceptibility. Many socio-cultural correlates of cigarette smoking have been established, but a comprehensive model that accounts for these and links them with the psychobiological aspects of nicotine addiction has not been forthcoming. Structured behavioural support programmes aid cessation attempts, as do a number of pharmacotherapies, most notably nicotine replacement treatments and bupropion, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. This book deals with the problems involved in understanding and treating nicotine and tobacco addiction. Topics covered include the nature of the worldwide health problem posed by cigarette smoking, the psychodynamics of cigarette addiction, and the basic pharmacology and biochemistry of nicotine and its effect on the brain. Further chapters analyse the genetic basis of susceptibility to nicotine addiction. Finally, the contributors address approaches to therapy. A continuing theme in the discussions throughout the book is how best to treat nicotine addiction, given that many smokers would like to stop smoking but are unable to do so because of their addiction. This book will be of great value to all psychologists and psychiatrists working on addiction, specifically to nicotine but also to other compounds and behaviours. It will also be of interest to neuroscientists and pharmacologists working on nicotine receptors and the brain pathways involved in dependence, as well as to biochemists, molecular biologist and to public health officials.
Retinal dystrophies are the major causes of incurable blindness in the Western world. Our insight into their aetiology has improved remarkably over the past decade and a number of key genes have been identified. Together with a more detailed understanding of disease processes, this knowledge is stimulating new approaches to therapeutic strategies involving gene therapy, growth factors and retinal cell transplantation. Molecular genetic studies have provided detailed information on the pathogenesis of retinal dystrophies. An important proof of principle that gene therapy holds great promise for the treatment of these conditions was demonstrated in the rds mouse: introduction of a functional copy of the peripherin gene subretinally resulted in complete rescue of rod outer segment structure. Novel approaches are being developed based on the manipulation of biochemical pathways that previously were not considered relevant to these diseases. For example, renewed interest in retinal dystrophy pathogenesis led to the successful use of high dose vitamin A treatment in Sorsby fundus dystrophy. This important new book covers all aspects of retinal dystrophies from the molecular and developmental biology of these disorders to possible therapeutic approaches, with special reference to gene therapy. Specific chapters deal with the molecular genetics of gene therapies, clinical genetic studies, molecular and cellular mechanisms of the development of the disease, functional genomics of retinal diseases, animal models of retinal dystrophies, and finally with studies on gene therapeutic approaches to correcting the disorder. With contributions by many of the leading researchers worldwide, this book is likely to be an important milestone in this rapidly developing field.
Chair's introduction (Charles Rice). Dengue/dengue hemorrhagic fever: history and current status (Duane J. Gubler). Discussion. Molecular biology of flaviviruses (Eva Harris, Katherine L. Holden, Dianna Edgil, Charlotta Polacek and Karen Clyde). Discussion. Development of novel antivirals against flaviviruses (Chinmay G. Patkar and Richard J. Kuhn). Discussion. Entry functions and antigenic structure of flavivirus envelope proteins Karin Stiasny, Stefan Kiermayr and Franz X. Heinz). Discussion. General discussion I. Multiple enzyme activities of flavivirus proteins (R. Padmanabhan, N. Mueller, E. Reichert, C. Yon, T. Teramoto, Y. Kono, R. Takhampunya, S. Ubol, N. Pattabiraman, B. Falgout, V. K. Ganesh and K. Murthy). Discussion. Towards the design of flavivirus helicase/NTPase inhibitors: crystallographic and mutagenesis studies of the dengue virus NS3 helicase catalytic domain (Ting Xu, Aruna Sampath, Alex Chao, Daying Wen, Max Nanao, Dahai Luo, Patrick Chene, Subhash G. Vasudevan and Julien Lescar). Discussion. Finding new medicines for flaviviral targets (Thomas H. Keller, Yen Liang Chen, John E. Knox, Siew Pheng Lim, Ngai Ling Ma, Sejal J. Patel, Aruna Sampath, Qing Yin Wang, Zheng Yin and Subhash G. Vasudevan). Discussion. Structural and functional analysis of dengue virus RNA (Diego Alvarez, Maria F. Lodeiro, Claudia Filomatori, Silvana Fucito, Juan Mondotte and Andrea Gamarnik). Discussion. Organization of flaviviral replicase proteins in virus induced membranes: a role for NS1' in Japanese encephalitis virus RNA synthesis (Vijaya Satchidanandam, Pradeep Devappa Uchil and Priti Kumar). Discussion. CRM1 dependent nuclear export of dengue virus type-2 NS5 (Melinda J. Pryor, Stephen M. Rawlinson, Peter J. Wright and David A. Jans). Discussion. T cell responses and dengue haemorrhagic fever (Gavin Screaton and Juthathip Mongkolsapaya). Discussion. The evolutionary biology of dengue virus (Edward C. Holmes). Discussion. Developing vaccines against flavivirus diseases: past success, present hopes and future challenges (John R. Stephenson). Discussion. A genomics approach to understanding host response during dengue infection (Martin L. Hibberd, Ling Ling, Thomas Tolfvenstam, Wayne Mitchell, Chris Wong, Vladimir A. Kuznetsov, Joshy George, Swee-Hoe Ong, Yijun Ruan, Chia L Wei, Feng Gu, Joshua Fink, Andy Yip, Wei Liu, Mark Schreiber and Subhash G. Vasudevan). Discussion. Mouse and hamsters models rodent models for the study of therapy against flavivirus infections (Nathalie Charlier, Pieter Leyssen, Erik De Clercq and Johan Neyts). Discussion. Secretion of flaviviral non-structural protein NS1: from diagnosis to pathogenesis (S. Alcon-LePoder, P. Sivard, M.-T. Drouet, A. Talarmin, C. Rice and M. Flamand). Discussion. Final discussion. Index of contributors. Subject index.
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