Ecological Studies of the Timber Wolf in Northeastern Minnesota

ISBN: E100000037595 出版年：2011 页码：500 Frenzel, Louis Daniel Project Gutenberg

Aerial observations and radio tracking showed that wolves had ranges of 43 to 1,000 square miles. Kill rate during usual winters was one deer per wolf per 18 days, but harsher winters allowed increased kill. Wolf-killed deer generally were older and had more abnormalities than hunter-killed deer.