Private Tutoring Across the Mediterranean —— Power Dynamics and Implications for Learning and Equity

----- 跨地中海的私人辅导：权力动力学及其对学习和公平的启示

ISBN: 9789462092365 出版年：2013 页码：227 Mark Bray Andre E Mazawi Ronald G Sultana Brill

Private tutoring—supplementary, out-of-school instruction offered at a fee to individuals or groups—represents a substantial household expenditure, even in systems that claim to have free public education. It plays out across, alongside, and even within some school systems. Emerging as a ‘shadow education’, private tutoring now operates as a system and industry crossing national, regional, and social-class boundaries.