The Enigma of the Origin of Portolan Charts —— A Geodetic Analysis of the Hypothesis of a Medieval Origin

----- 波特兰型海图的起源之谜:从测量学角度分析中世纪起源说

ISBN: 9789004282971 出版年：2016 页码：570 Roel Nicolai Brill

The enigmatic nautical charts of the Mediterranean and Black Sea, known as portolan charts, which suddenly appeared in Italy in the thirteenth century are shown to be sophisticated maps the construction of which was well beyond medieval European mapping capabilities.