Nanobeam X-Ray Scattering —— Probing Matter at the Nanoscale

----- 纳米梁X射线散射探测纳米级物质

ISBN: 9783527410774 出版年：2013 页码：284 Julian Stangl Cristian Mocuta Wiley

INTRODUCTION X-RAY DIFFRACTION PRINCIPLES -Introduction -Beam Coherence -Specific Properties of Different Sources: Laboratory vs Synchrotron vs FEL FOCUSING OF X-RAYS -Beam Propagation and Modeling -Focusing Principles Available for the Hard X-Ray Regime -Clasic Microfocusing Devices -Practical Issues SCATTERING EXPERIMENTS USING NANOBEAMS -From the Ensemble Average Approach Towards the Single Nanostructure Study -Diffraction from Single Nanostructures -Scanning X-Ray Diffraction Microscopy -Other Types of Contrast -Local X-Ray Probe Experiments from Organic Samples -Local X-Ray Probe Experiments from Biological Samples NANOBEAM DIFFRACTION SETUPS -Beam Positioning on the Nanoscale -Stability Issues: Maintaining the Spot on the Sample During Scanning Angles, Vibrations -Active Systems to Maintain the Beam Position on the Sample Constant -Restriction of Different Setups -Detector Issues: Resolution in Real and Reciprocal Space, Dynamic Range, Time Resolution SPECTROSCOPIC TECHNIQUES USING FOCUSED BEAMS -Micro/Nano-EXAFS, XANES. Fluorescence -A Side Glance on Soft X-Ray Applications COHERENT DIFFRACTION -More on Coherence Properties of Focused X-Ray Beams -The Use of Phase Retrieval Instead of Modeling Approaches -Different Retrieval Algorithms -Shape Determination of Single Structures (Retrieving the Modulus of Electron Density) -Strain Determination (Retrieving the Phase of Electron Density) -Fresnel Coherent Diffractive Imaging -Holographic Approaches (Using a Reference Wave Instead of Numerical Phase Retrieval) -Ptychography (For Extended Objects with Nanoscale Structure) -Particular Advantages and Problems when Using Coherent Diffraction Imaging in the Bragg Case THE POTENTIAL AND THE LIMITS OF THE METHOD -Limits in Beam Size -Limits in Intensity/Brilliance -Resolution Limits in Real and Reciprocal Space -Combinations with Other Local Probe Techniques FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS -Detector Developments -Beamlines at Third Generation Synchrotron Sources -The Role of Free Electron Lasers