Natural Wastewater Treatment Systems

ISBN: 9781466583269 出版年：2014 页码：534 Crites, Ronald W Middlebrooks, E Joe Bastian, Robert K CRC Press

NATURAL WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEMS: AN OVERVIEW Natural Treatment Processes Project Development References PLANNING, FEASIBILITY ASSESSMENT, AND SITE SELECTION Concept Evaluation Site Identification Site Evaluation Site and Process Selection References BASIC PROCESS RESPONSES AND INTERACTIONS Water Management Biodegradable Organics Organic Priority Pollutants Pathogens Metals Nutrients References DESIGN OF WASTEWATER POND SYSTEMS Introduction Facultative Ponds Partial-Mix Aerated Ponds Complete Mix Aerated Pond Systems Anaerobic Ponds Controlled Discharge Pond System Complete Retention Pond System Hydrograph Controlled Release High-Performance Aerated Pond Systems (Rich Design) Proprietary Systems Nitrogen Removal in Lagoons Modified High-Performance Aerated Pond Systems for Nitrification and Denitrification Nitrogen Removal in Ponds Coupled with Wetlands and Gravel Bed Nitrification Filters Control of Algae and Design of Settling Basins Hydraulic Control of Ponds Removal of Phosphorus References POND MODIFICATIONS FOR POLISHING EFFLUENTS Solids Removal Methods Modifications and Additions to Typical Designs Performance Comparisons with Other Removal Methods References FREE WATER SURFACE CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS Process Description Wetland Components Performance Expectations Potential Applications Planning and Design Hydraulic Design Procedures Thermal Aspects Design Models and Effluent Quality Prediction Physical Design and Construction Operation and Maintenance Costs Troubleshooting References SUBSURFACE AND VERTICAL FLOW CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS Hydraulics of Subsurface Flow Wetlands Thermal Aspects Performance Expectations Design of SSF Wetlands Design Elements of Subsurface Flow Wetlands Alternative Application Strategies Potential Applications Case Study: Minoa, New York Nitrification Filter Bed Design of On-Site Systems Vertical-Flow Wetland Beds Construction Considerations Operation and Maintenance Costs Troubleshooting References LAND TREATMENT SYSTEMS Types of Land Treatment Systems Slow Rate Land Treatment Overland Flow Systems Soil Aquifer Treatment Systems Phytoremediation Industrial Wastewater Management References SLUDGE MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT Sludge Quantity and Characteristics Stabilization and Dewatering Sludge Freezing Reed Beds Vermistabilization Comparison of Bed-Type Operations Composting Land Application and Surface Disposal of Biosolids References ON-SITE WASTEWATER SYSTEMS Types of On-Site Systems Effluent Disposal and Reuse Options Site Evaluation and Assessment Cumulative Areal Nitrogen Loadings Alternative Nutrient Removal Processes Disposal of Variously Treated Effluents in Soils Design Criteria for On -Site Disposal Alternatives Design Criteria for On-Site Reuse Alternatives Correction of Failed Systems References APPENDICES Appendix 1: Metric Conversion Factors (SI to U.S. Customary Units) Appendix 2: Conversion Factors for Commonly Used Design Parameters Appendix 3: Physical Properties of Water Appendix 4: Dissolved Oxygen Solubility in Freshwater INDEX