Semiconductor X-Ray Detectors

ISBN: 9781466554009 出版年：2013 页码：610 Lowe, B G Sareen, R A CRC Press

Introduction The Detector and Charge Sensitive Preamplifier: A System Overview The Transducer Why Semiconductors? Fermi-Dirac Statistics Doping of Semiconductors The p-n Junction Barrier Charge Generation by Radiation Pulse Height Analysis X-Ray Spectroscopy Noise Leakage Current Typical Noise Values The FET Detector Response Function F(E) Categorization of Semiconductor Detectors The Lithium Drifted Silicon Detector (Si(Li)) The Silicon Drift Detector (SDD) Detector Response Function The Hypermet Function Monte-Carlo Calculations Physical Processes and the Analytical Approach Peak Broadening - The Fano Factor Charge Collection Efficiency Function Generation of Spectral Response Function Charge-Loss Mechanisms Charge Gains Detector Artifacts Field Distortion The Spur Non-Linearity Ghost Peaks Compton Scatter Self-Counting Absorption Edges Sum Peaks Electron Contamination Contacts Metal Parameters Influencing ICC Reflection Diffused Junction Contacts Ion-Implanted Contacts Surface Barrier Contacts Low Injection Contacts Edge Termination of Contacts Radiation Damage Si(Li) X-Ray Detectors Manufacture of Si(Li) Detectors The Legacy of Contouring Losing the Process HPSi and HPGe X-Ray Detectors HPSi X-Ray Detectors HPGe X-Ray Detectors Performance X-Ray Detectors Based on Silicon Lithography and Planar Technology Silicon p-i-n Diodes Avalanche Photo-diodes (APDs) Pixelated X-Ray Detectors (PXDs) CCD-Based X-Ray detectors Introduction Techniques of Scientific CCDs The Performance of MOS-CCD X-Ray Detectors The pn-CCD CCDs Summary Silicon Drift Detectors Introduction Concentric Ring SDD X-Ray Detectors Droplet SDD X-Ray Detectors SDD Performance SDD Manufacture SDD Summary Wide Band-Gap Semiconductors The Candidates General Comments on WBGS The Present Status of the WBGS X-Ray Detectors Summary The History of Semiconductor X-Ray Detectors Introduction The Beginnings The Development of Materials during World War II 1940-1960: Crystal Counters 1940s: The Role of National Labs, Bell Telephone Labs, and other Corporations The Story of Silicon and Germanium Other Materials 1960-66: Progress in Detector Manufacture and Spectroscopy Surface States and Nature's Gift of SiO2 Processing and Passivation 1960s: The Evolution of Detector Geometries Contacts 1960s: Lithium Compensation 1960-1966: Amplifiers 1966-71: Pulsed Optical Restore Applications on the Horizon The Companies 1970s and 1980s: Evolution in the Commercial Environment 1970s and 1980s: Low Energy EDXMA 1987: The Kevex Quantum Window: Convenience verses Performance High Purity Germanium and Silicon 1990s: HPGe X-Ray Detectors 1990s: Bespoke FETs Convenience verses Performance: A New Approach SDD: The Influence of Nuclear Physics Again SDDs as X-Ray Detectors The SDD EDXRS Companies The Future