Ecological Modeling in Risk Assessment —— Chemical Effects on Populations, Ecosystems, and Landscapes

----- 风险评估中的生态建模

ISBN: 9780367396800 出版年：2016 页码：326 CRC Press

Toxic chemicals can exert effects on all levels of the biological hierarchy, from cells to organs to organisms to populations to entire ecosystems. However, most risk assessment models express their results in terms of effects on individual organisms, without corresponding information on how populations, groups of species, or whole ecosystems may r