Robustness and Evolvability in Living Systems

ISBN: 9781400849383 出版年：2013 页码：383 Wagner, Andreas Princeton University Press

List of Figures ix Acknowledgments xiii Chapter 1: Introduction 1 PART I: ROBUSTNESS BELOW THE GENE LEVEL 13 Chapter 2: The Genetic Alphabet 15 Chapter 3: The Genetic Code 25 Chapter 4: RNA Structure 39 Chapter 5: Proteins and Point Mutations 62 Chapter 6: Proteins and Recombination 78 PART II: ROBUSTNESS ABOVE THE GENE LEVEL 91 Chapter 7: Regulatory DNA Regions and Their Reorganization in Evolution 93 Chapter 8: Metabolic Pathways 104 Chapter 9: Metabolic Networks 120 Chapter 10: Drosophila Segmentation and Other Gene Regulatory Networks 143 Chapter 11: Phenotypic Traits, Cryptic Variation, and Human Diseases 161 Chapter 12: The Many Ways of Building the Same Body 175 PART III: COMMON PRINCIPLES 193 Chapter 13: Neutral Spaces 195 Chapter 14: Evolvability and Neutral Mutations 217 Chapter 15: Redundancy of Parts or Distributed Robustness? 228 Chapter 16: Robustness as an Evolved Adaptation to Mutations 247 Chapter 17: Robustness as an Evolved Adaptation to Environmental Change and Noise 270 Chapter 18: Robustness and Fragility: Advantages to Variation and Trade-offs 281 PART IV: ROBUSTNESS BEYOND THE ORGANISM 295 Chapter 19: Robustness in Natural Systems and Self-Organization 297 Chapter 20: Robustness in Man-made Systems 310 Epilogue: Seven Open Questions for Systems Biology 321 Bibliography 323 Index 359