Looking at Languages —— A Workbook in Elementary Linguistics

----- 看语言：基础语言学工作手册

ISBN: 9781285463582 出版年：2014 页码：420 Paul R Frommer Edward Finegan Cengage

Preface. Acknowledgments. 1. MORPHOLOGY. Keys Terms and Symbols. Solved Problem--Morphemes: Hungarian Morpheme Identification. Exercises Based on English. Lexical Categories: Lexical Categories in English. Lexical Categories: Stress and Lexical Categories in English. Morphemes: Types of English Morphemes. Morphemes: Derivational Prefixes and Suffixes. Organization of Morphemes: Constituency and Word-Formation Rules in English. Increasing Vocabulary: Morphological Processes in English. Increasing Vocabulary: English Past-Tense Productivity Experiment. Exercises Based on other Languages. Morphemes: Spanish versus Hebrew Gender and Number. Morphemes: Malay/Indonesian Morpheme Identification. Morphemes: Persian Morpheme Identification 1. Morphemes: Persian Morpheme Identification 2. Inflectional Morphology: Latin Declensions. Inflectional Morphology: Lakota Verbs. 2. PHONETICS. Keys Terms and Symbols. Exercises Based on English. Sounds and Spellings: English Consonants. Phonetic Transcription: Reading Practice 1. Phonetic Transcription: Reading Practice 2--English Homophone Phonetic Transcription: Reading Practice 3--Film and Play Names. Phonetic Transcription: Reading Practice 4. Phonetic Transcription: Writing Practice 1. Phonetic Transcription: Writing Practice 2. Consonants and Vowels: Identifying C/V, Describing C. Exercises in General Phonetics. Describing Sounds: Communicating about Pronunciation. Consonants and Vowels: Classification and Experimentation. Consonants and Vowels: Classification Practice 2. Exercises Based on Other Languages. Consonants and Vowels: Hawaiian C/V Inventory. Consonants and Vowels: Wichita C/V Inventory. Consonants and Vowels: Biblical Hebrew Consonant Inventory. Consonants and Vowels: Sound Symbolism in Lakota. 3. PHONOLOGY. Keys Terms and Symbols. Solved Problem--Phonemes and Allophones: [c] and [x] in Irish and German. Exercises Based on English. Phonemes and Allophones: Modern English [k] and [kh]. Phonological Rules: A Phonological Rule of Old English. Syllable Structure: Constraints on Consonant Clusters in English. Morphology/Phonology Interaction: Articles in English. Morphology/Phonology Interaction: A Negative Prefix in English. Exercises Based on Other Languages. Phonemes and Allophones: Spanish [?] and [ ]. Phonemes and Allophones: Spanish [s] and [z]. Phonemes and Allophones: Hindi and Japanese. Phonemes and Allophones: [t], [ ], and [?] in Biblical Hebrew and Standard Arabic. Phonological Rules: Tokyo Japanese. Phonological Rules: Italian [s] and [z]. Phonological Rules: A Phonological Rule of Russian. Phonological Rules: Cuban Spanish and "R-Less" English. Phonological Rules: Mandarin Tone Change of pu and i. Phonological Rules: Voiceless Vowels in Japanese. Phonological Rules: Tones in Akan. Syllable Structure: Japanese versus English. Syllable Structure: Mandarin Chinese. Stress: Icelandic, Swahili, Modern Greek, and Standard Arabic. Morphology/Phonology Interaction: Articles in French and Arabic. Morphology/Phonology Interaction: Malay/Indonesian Morphophonemics. Morphology/Phonology Interaction: A Derived Verb Stem in Arabic. Morphology/Phonology Interaction: Articles and Pronouns in Modern Greek (or "The Girl or the Sailor?"). Morphology/Phonology Interaction: The Definite Article in Welsh. Morphology/Phonology Interaction: Vowel Harmony in Turkish. 4. SYNTAX. Keys Terms and Symbols. Exercises Based on English. Sentence Types. English Clauses. Constituency and Tree Diagrams: Constituency and Tree Diagrams: English Constituent Structure. Constituency and Tree Diagrams: English Sentence Trees. Constituency and Tree Diagrams: Structural Ambiguity in English. Grammatical Relations: English. Syntactic Operations: English Passives. Syntactic Operations: English Relative Clauses. Syntactic Operations: English Question Formation with Modals. Syntactic Operations: Constraints on Information Questions in English. Exercises Based on Other Languages. Constituency and Tree Diagrams: Spanish, Japanese, and English. Phrase Structure Rules: Articles, Demonstratives, and Possessives in English, Italian, and Greek. Syntactic Operations: French Interrogatives. Syntactic Operations: Chinese Noun Modifiers and Relative Clauses. Syntactic Operations: Case Marking and Relative Clauses in German. Word Order: Yiddish and Turkish. Word Order: Aspects of Klingon. 5. SEMANTICS. Keys Terms and Symbols. Exercises Based on English. Types of Meaning: Referential, Social, and Affective. Lexical Semantics: English Lexical Semantics. Lexical Semantics: True Synonymy and the Rarity Thereof. Lexical Semantics: English Metaphors 1. Lexical Semantics: English Metaphors 2. Function Words and Categories of Meaning: Deictic Expressions. Function Words and Categories of Meaning: Definiteness, Referentiality, and Specificity. Semantic Roles and Sentence Semantics: Semantic Roles in Headlines. Exercises Based on Other Languages. Lexical Semantics: Classifiers in Malay/Indonesian. Lexical Semantics: Adjective Classes in Persian. 6. PRAGMATICS. Keys Terms and Symbols. Exercises Based on English. Categories of Information Structure: Old Information and New Information. Categories of Information Structure: Definiteness and Indefiniteness Old and New Information. Pragmatic Categories and Syntax: Agentless Passives in English. Speech Acts: Categorizing Speech Acts in English. Speech Acts: Sentence Implication. The Cooperative Principle: The Gricean Maxims in American English. Violating the Cooperative Principle: Indirectness. Exercises Based on Other Languages. Pragmatic Categories and Syntax: Sentence-Final ba in Mandarin Chinese. Pragmatic Categories and Syntax: The shi...de Construction in Chinese. 7. REGISTER. Keys Terms and Symbols. Exercises Based on English. How Registers are Marked: How Registers are Marked: Pronunciation of -ing in New York City. How Registers are Marked: Lexical Domains and Informality. How Registers are Marked: Slang. How Registers are Marked: Recipe Register. How Registers are Marked: The Syntax and Lexicon of Personal Ads. Comparing Registers: Natural versus Literary Conversation. Exercises Based on Other Languages. Comparing Registers: Formal and Colloquial Registers in Persian. 8. DIALECT. Keys Terms and Symbols. Regional and Social Dialects: English Dialect Identification. Regional Dialects of American English: Isoglosses. Regional Dialects of American English: Dare 1. Regional Dialects of American English: Dare 2. Regional Dialects of American English: Vowel Shifts in North American English. Ethnic Varieties of American English: African American English. Ethnic Varieties of American English: A Resolution on Ebonics. 9. WRITING. Keys Terms and Symbols. Exercises Based on English. Functions of Speaking and Writing: English Notices. Systems of Speaking and Writing: Eighteenth-Century Written versus Spoken English. Writing Systems: Indeterminacy and Ambiguity in English Spelling. Exercises Based on Other Languages. Writing Systems: Italian Spelling. Writing Systems: Modern Greek. Writing Systems: Modern Hebrew. Writing Systems: Persian. Writing Systems: Korean Hangul. Writing Systems: Japanese Hiragana. Writing Systems: Chinese Characters. Evolution of Writing Systems: Malay/Indonesian. 10. HISTORICAL AND COMPARATIVE LINGUISTICS. Keys Terms and Symbols. Exercises Based on English. Historical Development in English: A Text across Time. Historical Development in English: Lexical Change from Shakespeare to Modern English. Exercises Based on Other Languages. Language of Comparison: Classification of Lexical Similarities. Phonological Change: Greek. Phonological Change: Persian. Phonological Change: Comparative Romance 1. Phonological Change: Comparative Romance 2. Phonological Change: Borrowed Items.Reconstruction: Proto-Semitic Consonants. Reconstruction: The Spiiktumi Family. Glossary. Appendixes. A. The Pinyin Transcription System for Mandarin Chinese. B. Transcription of Semitic Consonants. C. Language Index. Bibliography.