1. Introduction 2. Language and education in Africa under mission and colonial influence 3. Language choices in independent African states 4. Opportunities for policy change: ideas, materials, and advocacy networks 5. Incentives for policy change: ruler strategies for maintaining power 6. Language, education, and 'democratization' in Cameroon 7. Language and contention - violence and participation in contemporary African politics 8. Conclusion Appendix A Appendix B.
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