1. Introduction: contradictions and ambiguities of democratization 2. Strategies of containment: the role of repression and accommodation 3. Strategies of competition: the logic of electoral system choice, single member plurality (SMP) vs. proportional representation (PR) 4. The United States: pre-industrial democratization and the origins of SMP 5. The United Kingdom: safeguarding the Reform Acts with SMP 6. France: the tumultuous path of electoral system choice in the Third Republic 7. Belgium: minimizing the existential threat with PR 8. Conclusions: rethinking democracy's determinisms Appendix: the existential threat - electoral viability and ideological radicalism.
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