Introduction 1. The nature of human language and language variation 2. Language replication and language change 3. Language change in the speech community 4. Language contact as a source of change 5. Sound change 6. The evolution of phonological rules 7. Morphology 8. Morphological change 9. Syntactic change 10. Reconstruction 11. Beyond comparative reconstruction: subgrouping and 'long-distance' relationships Appendix: recovering the pronunciation of dead languages: types of evidence.
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