Introduction 1. Playing before the council: civic patronage in southern France 2. In honor of nobility: civic patronage in central France 3. For the honor and pleasure of the city: civic patronage in northern France 4. From confraternal processions to weddings to bathhouses: freelancing in the urban environment 5. Playing En Couble: professional relationships among minstrels 6. 'A minister of Satan' and 'An honor to the city': conflicting images of the medieval minstrel Appendix: musical instruments in the archival records of the study Bibliography.
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