1. Introduction: the problem, incidence, etiology. A working hypothesis 2. Biology of the esophagus 3. Esophageal carcinogenesis 4. Epidemiology 5. Chemicals carcinogenic for the esophagus: the nitrosamines 6. Alcoholic beverages and tobacco 7. Plant products: phenolics, tannins, tea 8. Plant products: opium, silica, bracken, dihydrosafrole 9. Molds and mycotoxins 10. Dietry deficiencies: micronutrients, fresh plant food and protective factors 11. Possible mechanisms involved in carcinogenesis.
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