Introduction 1. Madrasas, mujtahids, and missionaries: Shi'a clerical expansion in colonial India 2. Mosques, majalis and Muharram: marketplace Shi'ism 3. Anjumans, endowments and Indian Shi'ism: the making of Shi'a society 4. Aligarh, jihad, and pan-Islam: the politicisation of the Indian Shi'a 5. The tabarra agitation and Shi'a-Sunni conflict in late colonial India Conclusion.
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