Part I. Problem and Theory: 1. The politics of when 2. Theorizing intertemporal policy choice Part II. Programmatic Origins: Intertemporal Choice in Pension Design: 3. Investing in the state: the origins of German pensions, 1889 4. The politics of mistrust: the origins of British pensions, 1925 5. Investments as political constraint: the origins of US pensions, 1935 6. Investing for the short term: the origins of Canadian pensions, 1965 Part III. Programmatic Change: Intertemporal Choice in Pension Reform: 7. Investment as last resort: reforming US pensions, 1977 and 1983 8. Shifting the long-run burden: reforming British pensions, 1986 9. Committing to investment: reforming Canadian pensions, 1998 10. Constrained by uncertainty: reforming German pensions, 1989 and 2001 Part IV. Conclusion: 11. Understanding the politics of the long term.
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