From Additive Manufacturing to 3D/4D Printing —— Breakthrough Innovations: Programmable Material, 4D Printing and Bio-printing

----- 从增材制造到3D-4D打印V3：突破性创新：可编程材料，四维打印和生物打印

ISBN: 9781786302328 出版年：2017 页码：473 Jean-Claude Andre Wiley

With a turnover of some 5-15 billion € / year, the additive manufacturing has industrial niches bearers thanks to processes and materials more and more optimized. While some niches still exist on the application of additive techniques in traditional fields (from jewelery to food for example), several trends emerge, using new concepts: collective production, realization of objects at once (without addition Of material), micro-fluidic, 4D printing exploiting programmable materials and materials, bio-printing, etc. There are both opportunities for new markets, promises not envisaged less than 10 years ago, but difficulties in reaching them.