Introduction 1. The right to vote and the right to representation 2. The evolution of a vote dilution standard through 1986 3. The vote dilution standard in the post-Gingles era: clarifications and complications in the lower courts 4. Defining and measuring racially polarized voting and other elements of the totality of the circumstances 5. Vote dillution in single-memberdistricts and other issues of the 1990s 6. The voting rights act and the realistic politics of second best: an optimistic look to the future Index.
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