1. Beginnings 2. The rhetoric of the market: Adam Smith on recognition, speech, and exchange 3. Adam Ferguson's agonistic liberalism: modern commercial society and the limits of classical republicanism 4. After the king: Thomas Paine's and James Madison's institutional liberalism 5. Embracing liberalism: Germaine de Stael's farewell to republicanism 6. On the liberty of the moderns: Benjamin Constant and the discovery of an immanent liberalism 7. After republicanism: a coda.
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