1. Introduction 2. Humic substances - a brief review 3. Environmental solution and surface chemistry 4. Proton dissociation from weak acids 5. Metal-ligand interactions 6. Methods for measuring cation binding by humic substances 7. Quantitative results with isolated humic substances 8. Cation binding sites in humic substances 9. Parameterised models of cation-humic interactions 10. Applications of comprehensive parameterised models 11. Predictive modelling 12. Cation-humic binding and other physico-chemical processes 13. Cation binding by humic substances in natural waters 14. Cation binding by humic substances in soils and sediments 15. Research needs.
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