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As this book is intended for the student and is de signed to teach the principles of a science which was long since perfected, no effort has been made to digest recent decisions, or even to refer to them (save for some special purpose). The cases cited are almost exclusively the leading English authorities referred to by Chitty and by Stephen. Indeed, Saunders' Reports furnish the best collection of cases to be consulted by the student, who should supplement his studies by a close perusal of those Reports or of Ames' Cases on Pleading. As the subject of this work is pleading as it existed at common-law, the present tense is frequently used in describing things which have long since ceased to exist.
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