A Model Discipline —— Political Science and the Logic of Representations

----- 模型纪律:政治科学与逻辑的代表

ISBN: 9780195382204 出版年：2012 页码：233 Clarke, Kevin A Primo, David M Oxford University Press

Preface 1 A Model Discipline 1.1 The Model in Political Science 1.2 Metaphors and Analogies, Fables and Fictions 1.3 The broad themes of the book 1.3.1 Science is not what we think it is 1.3.2 Current practice is not "philosophy-free" 1.3.3 Models are objects 1.3.4 Models are not tested with data 1.3.5 Explanation 1.4 Plan of the Book 1.5 What this Book is Not 2 The Science in Political Science 2.1 Introduction 2.2 What Political Scientists Say They Are Doing 2.3 Hypothetico-Deductivism 2.4 Problems with H-D 2.4.1 Deductions are Truth-Preserving 2.4.2 Data Can't Speak for Themselves 2.4.3 Other Problems with H-D 2.5 How We Got Here 2.5.1 Logical Positivism 2.5.2 Pathologies of Rational Choice 2.5.3 Methods and Models 2.5.4 The Empirical Implications of Theoretical Models 2.6 Conclusion 3 What is a Model? 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Models as Maps 3.3 A Few Examples 3.4 The Received View of Scientific Theories 3.5 The Semantic Conception of Scientific Theories 3.6 The Model-Based View of Scientific Theories 3.7 Models and Theories 3.8 Conclusion 4 Theoretical Models 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Aspects of Theoretical Models 4.3 The Purposes of Models 4.3.1 Foundational Models 4.3.2 Organizational Models 4.3.3 Exploratory Models 4.3.4 Predictive Models 4.4 Judging a Theoretical Model 4.4.1 Prediction is the Wrong Standard (Usually) 4.4.2 The Illusion of Precise Standards 4.4.3 Dimensions of Usefulness 4.5 Conclusion 5 Empirical Models 5.1 Introduction 5.2 What is an Empirical Model? 5.2.1 A Model-Based Understanding 5.3 The Purposes of Empirical Models 5.4 The Illogic of Theory Testing 5.4.1 Falsificationism 5.4.2 Verificationism 5.4.3 Bayesian Confirmation 5.5 The Other Uses of Empirical Modeling 5.6 Conclusion 6 Explanation 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Existing justifications 6.3 Explanation 6.3.1 What constitutes an explanation? 6.3.2 Explanation in Political Science 6.4 Models as explanations 6.5 Choosing among explanations 6.5.1 Comparative Model Testing 6.5.2 Is choosing necessary? 6.6 Conclusion 7 Conclusion 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Review of the argument 7.3 Issues and counterarguments Bibliography