The Politicization of Islam —— Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late Ottoman State

----- 伊斯兰教的政治化：在奥斯曼帝国晚期重建身份，国家，信仰和社区

ISBN: 9780195165432 出版年：2001 页码：544 Karpat, Kemal H Oxford University Press

Combining international and domestic perspectives, this book analyzes the transformation of the Ottoman Empire over the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It views privatization of state lands and the increase of domestic and foreign trade as key factors in the rise of a Muslim middle class, which, increasingly aware of its economic interests and communal roots, then attempted to reshape the government to reflect its ideals.