PART I: NATIONAL LAW 1. The Dilemma and its Solutions 2. The Leipzig Trials PART II: INTERNATIONAL THEORY 1. The Manifest Illegality Principle and the Personal Knowledge Principle 2. The Doctrine of Respondeat Superior 3. The Doctrine of Absolute Liability 4. The Mens Rea Principle PART III: INTERNATIONAL LEGISLATION, 1919-1945 1. Initial Irresolution 2. The Negation of the Plea of Obedience to Superior Orders PART IV: THE CASES 1. Trials before International Tribunals 2. Trials before National Courts PART V: INTERNATIONAL LEGISLATION SINCE 1946 1. Doubts and Vacillations 2. The Work of the International Law Commission Conclusions
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