Ancient Umbria —— State, Culture, and Identity in Central Italy from the Iron Age to the Augustan Era

----- 古代的翁布里亚：从铁器时代到奥古斯都时代的意大利中部的国家，文化和认同

ISBN: 9780199245147 出版年：2000 页码：349 Bradley, Guy Oxford University Press

How should we understand the ways in which the regions of Italy were affected by Roman imperialism? This book, which is the first full-scale treatment of ancient Umbria in any language, takes a balanced view of the region's history in the first millennium BC, focusing on local actions and motivations as much as the effect of outside influences and Roman policies. Through a careful reading of all the types of evidence it provides an important challenge to traditional treatments emphasising the 'Romanization' of the region, arguing that this is a poor explanation for the complexity of local societies in the late Republican period. Instead it proposes that other trends, particularly the organization of states, help to explain the fascinating plurality of identities that are evident in the imperial period and allow us to appreciate the diversity of local societies that emerged in both mountain and lowland areas of Umbria.