Solution Thermodynamics and its Application to Aqueous Solutions —— A Differential Approach

----- 溶液热力学差分法及其在水溶液上的应用

ISBN: 9780444530738 出版年：2007 页码：311 Koga, Yoshikata Elsevier Science_RM

As the title suggests, we introduce a novel differential approach to solution thermodynamics and use it for the study of aqueous solutions. We evaluate the quantities of higher order derivative than the normal thermodynamic functions. We allow these higher derivative data speak for themselves without resorting to any model system. We thus elucidate the molecular processes in solution, (referred to in this book ixing scheme ), to the depth equal to, if not deeper, than that gained by spectroscopic and other methods. We show that there are three composition regions in aqueous solutions of non-electrolytes, each of which has a qualitatively distinct mixing scheme. The boundary between the adjacent regions is associated with an anomaly in the third derivatives of G. The loci of the anomalies in the temperature-composition field form the line sometimes referred as oga line . We then take advantage of the anomaly of a third derivative quantity of 1-propanol in the ternary aqueous solution, 1-propanol sample species H2O. We use its induced change as a probe of the effect of a sample species on H2O. In this way, we clarified what a hydrophobe, or a hydrophile, and in turn, an amphiphile, does to H2O. We also apply the same methodology to ions that have been ranked by the Hofmeister series. We show that the kosmotropes (salting out, or stabilizing agents) are either hydrophobes or hydration centres, and that chaotropes (salting in, or destablizing agents) are hydrophiles.A new differential approach to solution thermodynamicsA particularly clear elucidation of the mixing schemes in aqueous solutionsA clear understandings on the effects of hydrophobes, hydrophiles, and amphiphiles to H2OA clear understandings on the effects of ions on H2O in relation to the Hofmeister effectA new differential approach to studies in muti-component aqueous solutions